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41.
Chunyan Gong Tang Li Qi Li Longfeng Yan Tai Wang Research Center for Molecular & Developmental Biology Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis & Environmental Molecular Physiology 《Acta Botanica Sinica》2011,(1)
Rad21 and its meiotic counterpart Rec8,the key components of the cohesin complex,are essential for sister chromatid cohesion and chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis,respectively.In contrast to yeast and vertebrates,which have only two RAD21/REC8 genes,the rice genome encodes four Rad21/Rec8 proteins.Here,we report on the cloning and characterization of OsRAD21-2 from rice(Oryza sativa L.).Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length amino acids showed that OsRad21-2 was grouped into the plant-specific... 相似文献
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通过体细胞核移植技术制作了人胰岛素原转基因牛。在CMV启动子指导下以内部核糖体进入位点序列(IRES)连接的新霉素抗性基因和绿色荧光蛋白基因组成了双重标记基因的筛选系统,用于转基因细胞的富集以及细胞和植入前胚胎的筛选。转基因通过电穿孔的方法(900V/cm,5ms)转入体外培养的牛胎儿成纤维细胞,基因转染细胞在添加G418 (800μg/mL)的培养基中培养10天以富集转基因细胞。选择表达绿色荧光蛋白的转基因细胞作为核供体进行体细胞核移植,重构胚经体外培养至囊胚阶段,选择表达绿色荧光蛋白的囊胚进行胚胎移植。为比较基因转染以及供体细胞所处周期对转基因细胞核移植胚胎发育的影响,用作核移植供体的转基因细胞或非转基因细胞先饥饿培养2—4天(0.5 ?S) ,然后恢复培养(10?S) 10 h使细胞同步化于G1期,以正常培养的细胞作为对照进行核移植。结果表明,转基因细胞作为核供体得到的核移植胚胎的体外囊胚发育率低于以非转基因细胞为核供体的对照组(23.2% VS 35.2 %,P<0.05) ;转基因细胞周期同步化处理与否对其克隆胚囊胚发育率无显著影响(23.2% VS 18.9 %,P>0.05)。胚胎移植后2个月直肠检查发现7头受体牛(每头移植2—4枚胚胎)中有一头妊娠,并最终发育足月产下一头小牛。聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测和DNA测序分析表明其为转人胰岛素原基因的转基因克隆牛。 相似文献
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The advances of next-generation sequencing technology have facilitated metagenomics research that attempts to determine directly the whole collection of genetic material within an environmental sample (i.e. the metagenome). Identification of genes directly from short reads has become an important yet challenging problem in annotating metagenomes, since the assembly of metagenomes is often not available. Gene predictors developed for whole genomes (e.g. Glimmer) and recently developed for metagenomic sequences (e.g. MetaGene) show a significant decrease in performance as the sequencing error rates increase, or as reads get shorter. We have developed a novel gene prediction method FragGeneScan, which combines sequencing error models and codon usages in a hidden Markov model to improve the prediction of protein-coding region in short reads. The performance of FragGeneScan was comparable to Glimmer and MetaGene for complete genomes. But for short reads, FragGeneScan consistently outperformed MetaGene (accuracy improved ∼62% for reads of 400 bases with 1% sequencing errors, and ∼18% for short reads of 100 bases that are error free). When applied to metagenomes, FragGeneScan recovered substantially more genes than MetaGene predicted (>90% of the genes identified by homology search), and many novel genes with no homologs in current protein sequence database. 相似文献
45.
Small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO-3 is a member of a growing family of ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls). So far, four isoforms of SUMO have been identified in humans. It is generally known that SUMO modification regulates protein localization and activity. Previous structure and function studies have been mainly focused on SUMO-1. The sequence of SUMO-3 is 46% identical with that of SUMO-1; nevertheless, functional heterogeneity has been found between the two homologues. Here we report the solution structure of SUMO-3 C47S (residues 14-92) featuring the beta-beta-alpha-beta-beta-alpha-beta ubiquitin fold. Structural comparison shows that SUMO-3 C47S resembles ubiquitin more than SUMO-1. On the helix-sheet interface, a strong hydrophobic interaction contributes to formation of the globular and compact fold. A Gly-Gly motif at the C-terminal tail, extending away from the core structure, is accessible to enzymes and substrates. In vivo, SUMO modification proceeds via a multistep pathway, and Ubc9 plays an indispensable role as the SUMO conjugating enzyme (E2) in this process. To develop a better understanding of SUMO-3 conjugation, the Ubc9 binding surface on SUMO-3 C47S has been detected by chemical shift perturbation using NMR spectroscopy. The binding site mainly resides on the hydrophilic side of the beta-sheet. Negatively charged and hydrophobic residues of this region are highly or moderately conserved among SUMO family members. Notably, the negatively charged surface of SUMO-3 C47S is highly complementary in its electrostatic potentials and hydrophobicity to the positively charged surface of Ubc9. This work indicates dissimilarities between SUMO-3 and SUMO-1 in tertiary structure and provides insight into the specific interactions of SUMO-3 with its modifying enzyme. 相似文献
46.
Johannes A Hofberger Beifei Zhou Haibao Tang Jonathan DG Jones M Eric Schranz 《BMC genomics》2014,15(1)
Background
Recent advances in DNA sequencing techniques resulted in more than forty sequenced plant genomes representing a diverse set of taxa of agricultural, energy, medicinal and ecological importance. However, gene family curation is often only inferred from DNA sequence homology and lacks insights into evolutionary processes contributing to gene family dynamics. In a comparative genomics framework, we integrated multiple lines of evidence provided by gene synteny, sequence homology and protein-based Hidden Markov Modelling to extract homologous super-clusters composed of multi-domain resistance (R)-proteins of the NB-LRR type (for NUCLEOTIDE BINDING/LEUCINE-RICH REPEATS), that are involved in plant innate immunity.Results
To assess the diversity of R-proteins within and between species, we screened twelve eudicot plant genomes including six major crops and found a total of 2,363 NB-LRR genes. Our curated R-proteins set shows a 50% average for tandem duplicates and a 22% fraction of gene copies retained from ancient polyploidy events (ohnologs). We provide evidence for strong positive selection and show significant differences in molecular evolution rates (Ka/Ks-ratio) among tandem- (mean = 1.59), ohnolog (mean = 1.36) and singleton (mean = 1.22) R-gene duplicates. To foster the process of gene-edited plant breeding, we report species-specific presence/absence of all 140 NB-LRR genes present in the model plant Arabidopsis and describe four distinct clusters of NB-LRR “gatekeeper” loci sharing syntenic orthologs across all analyzed genomes.Conclusion
By curating a near-complete set of multi-domain R-protein clusters in an eudicot-wide scale, our analysis offers significant insight into evolutionary dynamics underlying diversification of the plant innate immune system. Furthermore, our methods provide a blueprint for future efforts to identify and more rapidly clone functional NB-LRR genes from any plant species.Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-966) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献47.
Glycoprotein O (gO) is conserved among betaherpesviruses, but little is known about the maturation process of gO in human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). We found that HHV-6 gO maturation was accompanied by cleavage of its carboxyl terminus and required coexpression of gH and gL, which promoted the export of gO out of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Finally, we also found that gO was not required for HHV-6A growth in T cells. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Massive expansions of the hexanucleotide in C9orf72 are the primary genetic origins of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontal temporal dementia (FTD). Current studies have found that this repeat sequence participates in the disease process by producing neurotoxic substances and reducing the level of C9orf72 protein; however, the progress in the functional study of C9orf72 is slow. Recently, a stable complex, consisting of C9orf72, SMCR8, and WDR41, has been implicated in regulating membrane trafficking and macroautophagy. We reported the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the C9orf72-SMCR8-WDR41 complex (CSW complex), unveiling that the CSW complex is a dimer of heterotrimers. Intriguingly, in the heterotrimer of the C9orf72-SMCR8-WDR41, C9orf72 interacts with SMCR8 in a manner similar to the FLCN-FNIP2 complex. Nevertheless, WDR41 is connected to the DENN domain of SMCR8 through its N-terminal β-strand and C-terminal helix but does not directly interact with C9orf72. Notably, the C9orf72-SMCR8 complex was demonstrated to act as a GAP for RAB8A and RAB11A in vitro. 相似文献
50.