全文获取类型
收费全文 | 15750篇 |
免费 | 1390篇 |
国内免费 | 1573篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 37篇 |
2023年 | 221篇 |
2022年 | 573篇 |
2021年 | 865篇 |
2020年 | 653篇 |
2019年 | 744篇 |
2018年 | 711篇 |
2017年 | 523篇 |
2016年 | 671篇 |
2015年 | 994篇 |
2014年 | 1149篇 |
2013年 | 1276篇 |
2012年 | 1528篇 |
2011年 | 1284篇 |
2010年 | 789篇 |
2009年 | 758篇 |
2008年 | 818篇 |
2007年 | 690篇 |
2006年 | 604篇 |
2005年 | 550篇 |
2004年 | 396篇 |
2003年 | 397篇 |
2002年 | 357篇 |
2001年 | 243篇 |
2000年 | 208篇 |
1999年 | 238篇 |
1998年 | 134篇 |
1997年 | 144篇 |
1996年 | 137篇 |
1995年 | 120篇 |
1994年 | 116篇 |
1993年 | 88篇 |
1992年 | 96篇 |
1991年 | 74篇 |
1990年 | 82篇 |
1989年 | 61篇 |
1988年 | 58篇 |
1987年 | 43篇 |
1986年 | 50篇 |
1985年 | 50篇 |
1984年 | 33篇 |
1983年 | 21篇 |
1982年 | 22篇 |
1981年 | 11篇 |
1980年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 16篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 12篇 |
1976年 | 9篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
11.
Cholera toxin (CT) stimulated phospholipase activity and caused [3H]arachidonic acid (3H-AA) release in a murine macrophage/monocyte cell line. Pretreatment of cells with dexamethasone, a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor, did not affect CT-induced 3H-AA release. In contrast, aspirin, which is an inhibitor of phospholipase C (PLC), blocked CT-induced 3H-AA release and subsequent prostaglandin (PC) synthesis. The inhibitory effect of aspirin was dose dependent, with 4 mM reducing the CT response by approximately 50%. Similarly, inhibition was time dependent, occurring when the drug was added to the culture medium as late as 30 min after CT. Brief exposure (30 min) of the cells to aspirin did not alter their subsequent response to CT, but 3H-AA release from cells exposed to aspirin for 2.5 h was irreversibly inhibited. The data suggested that CT stimulation of AA metabolism may involve increased PLC activity. 相似文献
12.
Yasutaka Kakui Tomonari Sunaga Kunio Arai James Dodgson Liang Ji Attila Csikász-Nagy Rafael Carazo-Salas Masamitsu Sato 《Open biology》2015,5(6)
Integration of an external gene into a fission yeast chromosome is useful to investigate the effect of the gene product. An easy way to knock-in a gene construct is use of an integration plasmid, which can be targeted and inserted to a chromosome through homologous recombination. Despite the advantage of integration, construction of integration plasmids is energy- and time-consuming, because there is no systematic library of integration plasmids with various promoters, fluorescent protein tags, terminators and selection markers; therefore, researchers are often forced to make appropriate ones through multiple rounds of cloning procedures. Here, we establish materials and methods to easily construct integration plasmids. We introduce a convenient cloning system based on Golden Gate DNA shuffling, which enables the connection of multiple DNA fragments at once: any kind of promoters and terminators, the gene of interest, in combination with any fluorescent protein tag genes and any selection markers. Each of those DNA fragments, called a ‘module’, can be tandemly ligated in the order we desire in a single reaction, which yields a circular plasmid in a one-step manner. The resulting plasmids can be integrated through standard methods for transformation. Thus, these materials and methods help easy construction of knock-in strains, and this will further increase the value of fission yeast as a model organism. 相似文献
13.
14.
15.
The chemiluminescence (CL) of bis(2,4,6‐trichlorophyenyl) oxalate with hydrogen peroxide in the present of cationic surfactant and gold nanoparticles was studied. The CL emission was obviously enhanced in the presence of surfactant at a suitable concentration, with a synergetic catalysis effect exhibited. Different sizes of gold nanoparticles (15 and 50 nm) showed different effects on CL intensity. Mechanisms of the CL reaction and sensitization effect are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Xiao-chun Liang Nobuyoshi Hagino Sai-shan Guo Taiki Tsutsumi Shinjiro Kobayashi 《Phytomedicine》2002,9(5):377-384
The present study was designed to examine therapeutic efficacy of the root extract of Stephania Tetrandra S. Moore (STMS) (traditional Chinese medicine; Han Fang Ji) for treatment of neovascularization of the retinal capillary (retinopathy) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (STZ diabetic rats) in culture. Recently we have established the culture system in which fetal bovine serum (FBS) in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium (DMEM) induced neovascularization of the retinal capillary and choroidal capillary in normal rats in culture. STZ diabetic rats showed more neovascularization of the retinal capillary and choroidal capillary than did normal rats in culture. In this study, the retinal tissue was removed for the posterior ocular region and cultured in DMEM containing FBS. The choroidal tissue of the posterior ocular region was also removed and cultured as an internal reference. Administration of STSM (0.91, 9.1 and 91 microg/ml) significantly suppressed neovascularization of the retinal capillary in both STZ diabetic rats and normal rats in a dose-dependent manner. Similar results were obtained with the choroidal capillary; administration of STSM suppressed neovascularization of the choroidal capillary in both STZ diabetic rats and normal rats. In order to determine the component of STSM inhibiting neovascularization of the retinal capillary, tetrandrine (a major chemical constituent of STSM) was administered and neovascularization of the retinal capillary was examined in culture. The effect of tetrandrine on the choroidal capillary was also examined as an internal reference. Administration of tetrandrine (0.1, 1.0 and 10 microM) suppressed neovascularization of the retinal capillary in both STZ diabetic rats and normal rats in a dose-dependent manner. Similar results were obtained with the choroidal capillary of both STZ diabetic rats and normal rats. We infer, therefore, that STSM has a direct effect on the retinal capillary of posterior ocular region and suppresses neovascularization of retinal capillary in STZ diabetic rats through the activation of tetrandrine. These results suggest that STSM may prevent for delay the progression of retinopathy in diabetic patients. 相似文献
17.
Iron plaque enhances phosphorus uptake by rice (Oryza sativa) growing under varying phosphorus and iron concentrations 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Both solution culture and pot experiments were performed to investigate (a) the effects of external Fe (II) concentrations and forms on the formation of iron plaque on the roots of rice (Oryza sativa) and subsequent P adsorption on iron plaque and shoot P concentrations and (b) the effects of soil moisture regimes on the formation of iron plaque and P adsorption on root surfaces and P accumulation in shoots. The results showed that iron plaque was significantly increased with increasing Fe2+ concentrations in the solution culture. The amounts of P adsorbed on the iron plaque were increased significantly with external Fe2+ concentrations. Although shoot P concentration was not significantly affected by Fe2+ treatment after incubation for 2 days, it was significantly increased in the Fe‐treated plants compared with Fe‐deprived ones after incubation for 4 days. Soil culture experiment showed that the formation of iron plaque on root surfaces was promoted by exogenous iron, with greater amount of iron plaque being formed by addition of ferric hydroxide than of ferric oxide. Phosphorus adsorption on iron plaque also increased with the addition of iron oxides, and increasing soil P increased the amounts of P associated with the iron plaque and shoot P concentration. The amounts of iron plaque were almost sixfold higher under flooding condition than under field capacity condition. Plants pretreated under flooding condition generally had higher shoot P concentrations when they were transplanted to solutions with varying P levels, and this was most pronounced in the treatment with highest solution P concentration. The results suggest that iron plaque acts as a nutrient reservoir for phosphorus in the rhizosphere and helps enhance P acquisition by rice. 相似文献
18.
Bayesian image processing formalisms which incorporatea priori information about valued-uncorrelated and valued-correlated (patterned) source distributions are introduced and the corresponding
iterative algorithms are derived using the EM technique. Striking improvement in image processing is demonstrated when applying
these algorithms to Poisson and Gaussian randomized data in one-dimensional cases. 相似文献
19.
Hungtu Ma Minghong Gu G. H. Liang 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1987,73(3):389-394
Summary Immature embryos of 20 sorghum genotypes were cultured on MS 5 medium containing MS mineral salts supplemented with 2,4-D, zeatin, glycine, niacinamide, Ca-pantothenate, L-asparagine, and vitamins. For regeneration, calli were transferred onto the same medium with the exception that IAA was substituted for 2,4-D. In general, immature embryos obtained 9–12 days after pollination resulted in the best redifferentiation. Ability of calli to regenerate varied among genotypes; cultivars C401-1 and C625 had the highest redifferentiation frequencies. Ability to redifferentiate was heritable and acted as a dominant trait. At least two gene pairs were involved. Regenerated R0 plants were planted in a greenhouse and their selfed (R1 and R2) progenies were planted in the field and examined for morphological and cytological variations. The majority of the phenotypic variations noted in R0 were not transmitted to later generations. However, variants for plant height, degree of fertility, and midrib color persisted in R1 and R2 generations. A variation in tallness was attributable to one dominant mutant gene. Short stature and male sterility variants appeared to be consequences of recessive mutant genes controlling those traits. Minor variations in peroxidase banding patterns were found among R0 plants.This study was supported by a research grant from Kansas Sorghum Commission and by a Research Fellowship to the senior author from the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Fisheries, China. Contribution 86-456-J from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station 相似文献
20.
重楼属两种植物种子及其附属结构的发育 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
重楼属两种植物(五指莲Paris axialis和滇重楼Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis)种子发育的过程基本一致。双受精发生于授粉后10—15天。胚乳为沼生目型。种子发育延续的时间约为150—170天。胚胎发育终止于球形或稍有分化的阶段。种子具二层种皮。 二种重楼种子成熟时的外部形态显著不同。五指莲Paris axialis的种子呈浅棕黄色,长椭圆形,部分为绿白色海绵质假种皮所包裹。假种皮由珠柄发育而来,呈楔形。滇重楼Parispolyphylla var.yunnanensis的种子鲜红色,不规则圆形,外种皮肉质多浆。无假种皮。珠柄橙黄色,短而纤细。 相似文献