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991.
Wetlands are often highly effective nitrogen (N) sinks. In the Lake Waco Wetland (LWW), near Waco, Texas, USA, nitrate (NO3−) concentrations are reduced by more than 90% in the first 500 m downstream of the inflow, creating a distinct gradient in
NO3− concentration along the flow path of water. The relative importance of sediment denitrification (DNF), dissimilatory NO3− reduction to ammonium (DNRA), and N2 fixation were examined along the NO3− concentration gradient in the LWW. “Potential DNF” (hereafter potDNF) was observed in all months and ranged from 54 to 278 μmol N m−2 h−1. “Potential DNRA” (hereafter potDNRA) was observed only in summer months and ranged from 1.3 to 33 μmol N m−2 h−1. Net N2 flux ranged from 184 (net denitrification) to −270 (net N2 fixation) μmol N m−2 h−1. Nitrogen fixation was variable, ranging from 0 to 426 μmol N m−2 h−1, but high rates ranked among the highest reported for aquatic sediments. On average, summer potDNRA comprised only 5% (±2%
SE) of total NO3− loss through dissimilatory pathways, but was as high as 36% at one site where potDNF was consistently low. Potential DNRA
was higher in sediments with higher sediment oxygen demand (r
2 = 0.84), and was related to NO3− concentration in overlying water in one summer (r
2 = 0.81). Sediments were a NO3− sink and accounted for 50% of wetland NO3− removal (r
2 = 0.90). Sediments were an NH4+ source, but the wetland was often a net NH4+ sink. Although DNRA rates in freshwater wetlands may rival those observed in estuarine systems, the importance of DNRA in
freshwater sediments appears to be minor relative to DNF. Furthermore, sediment N2 fixation can be extremely high when NO3− in overlying water is consistently low. The data suggest that newly fixed N can support sustained N transformation processes
such as DNF and DNRA when surface water inorganic N supply rates are low. 相似文献
992.
Hernández-Hernández A Rincón-Arano H Recillas-Targa F Ortiz R Valdes-Quezada C Echeverría OM Benavente R Vázquez-Nin GH 《Chromosoma》2008,117(1):77-87
The synaptonemal complex (SC) is an evolutionarily conserved structure that mediates synapsis of homologous chromosomes during
meiotic prophase I. Previous studies have established that the chromatin of homologous chromosomes is organized in loops that
are attached to the lateral elements (LEs) of the SC. The characterization of the genomic sequences associated with LEs of
the SC represents an important step toward understanding meiotic chromosome organization and function. To isolate these genomic
sequences, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in rat spermatocytes using an antibody against SYCP3, a major
structural component of the LEs of the SC. Our results demonstrated the reproducible and exclusive isolation of repeat deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) sequences, in particular long interspersed elements, short interspersed elements, long terminal direct repeats,
satellite, and simple repeats. The association of these repeat sequences to the LEs of the SC was confirmed by in situ hybridization
of meiotic nuclei shown by both light and electron microscopy. Signals were also detected over the chromatin surrounding SCs
and in small loops protruding from the lateral elements into the SC central region. We propose that genomic repeat DNA sequences
play a key role in anchoring the chromosome to the protein scaffold of the SC.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
993.
Effects of high temperature coupled with high light on the balance between photooxidation and photoprotection in the sun-exposed peel of apple 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
The sun-exposed peel of 'Gala' apple with or without sunburn was compared in terms of photooxidation and photoprotection, and a controlled experiment was conducted to probe the initial responses of PSII to high light and high temperature. The content of carotenoids, lutein and xanthophylls on a chlorophyll basis was higher in the sunburned peel although they were lower expressed on a peel area basis. Significant loss of beta-carotene and neoxanthin was observed relative to chlorophylls in the sunburned peel. O(2) evolution rates and the activity of key enzymes in the Calvin cycle were lower in the sunburned peel, but the activity of these enzymes decreased to a lesser extent than the O(2) evolution rates. The activity of antioxidant enzymes in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and the level of total ascorbate, total glutathione, and reduced glutathione were higher in the sunburned peel. However, the sunburned peel had higher H(2)O(2) and malondialdehyde contents. Fruit peels treated with high temperature (45 degrees C) alone showed a clear "K" step in their chlorophyll fluorescence transients whereas high temperature coupled with high light (1,600 mumol m(-2) s(-1)) led to the disappearance of the "K" step and a further decrease in F (V)/F (M) (similar to what was observed in the sunburned peel). We conclude that high temperature coupled with high light damages the PSII complexes at both the donor and acceptor sides. Although both the xanthophyll cycle and the antioxidant system are up-regulated in response to the photooxidative stress, this up-regulation does not provide enough protection against the photooxidation. 相似文献
994.
The microbial population of geothermally heated sediments in a shallow bay of Vulcano Island (Italy) was characterized with
respect to metabolic activities and the putatively catalyzing hyperthermophiles. Site-specific anoxic culturing media, most
of which were amended with combinations of electron donors (glucose or carboxylic acids) and acceptors (sulfate), were used
for selective enrichment of metabolically defined subpopulations. The mostly archaeal chemoautotrophs produced formate at
rates of 3.25 and 0.46 fmol cell−1 day−1 with and without sulfate, respectively. The glucose fermenting heterotrophs produced acetate (18 fmol cell−1 day−1) and lactate (2.6 fmol cell−1 day−1) and were identified as predominantly Thermus sp. and coccoid archaea. These archaeal cells also metabolized lactate (5.6 fmol cell−1 day−1), but neither formate nor acetate. The heterotrophic culture enriched on formate/acetate/propionate/sulfate utilized mainly
formate (27 fmol cell−1 day−1) and lactate (89–195 fmol cell−1 day−1), and consumed sulfate (38–68 fmol cell−1 day−1). These formate or lactate consuming sulfate reducers were dominated by Archaeoglobales (7% in situ) and unidentified Archaea.
The in situ benthic community comprised 15% Crenarchaeota, a significant group only in the autotrophic cultures, and 3% Thermus sp., the putatively predominant group involved in fermentative metabolism. The role of Thermoccales (4% in situ) remained
undisclosed in our experiments. This first comprehensive data set established plausible links between several groups of hyperthermophiles
in shallow marine hydrothermal systems, their metabolic function within the benthic microbial community, and biogeochemical
turnover rates. 相似文献
995.
We introduce a novel computational approach to predict effective genome size (EGS; a measure that includes multiple plasmid copies, inserted sequences, and associated phages and viruses) from short sequencing reads of environmental genomics (or metagenomics) projects. We observe considerable EGS differences between environments and link this with ecologic complexity as well as species composition (for instance, the presence of eukaryotes). For example, we estimate EGS in a complex, organism-dense farm soil sample at about 6.3 megabases (Mb) whereas that of the bacteria therein is only 4.7 Mb; for bacteria in a nutrient-poor, organism-sparse ocean surface water sample, EGS is as low as 1.6 Mb. The method also permits evaluation of completion status and assembly bias in single-genome sequencing projects. 相似文献
996.
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters serve as importers and exporters for a wide variety of solutes in both prokaryotes
and eukaryotes, and are implicated in microbial drug resistance and a number of significant human genetic disorders. Initial
crystal structures of the soluble nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) of ABC transporters, while a significant step towards
understanding the coupling of ATP binding and hydrolysis to transport, presented researchers with important questions surrounding
the role of the signature sequence residues, the composition of the nucleotide binding sites, and the mode of NBD dimerization
during the transport reaction cycle. Recent studies have begun to address these concerns. This mini-review summarizes the
biochemical and structural characterizations of two archaebacterial NBDs from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, MJ0796 and MJ1267, and offers current perspectives on the functional mechanism of ABC transporters. 相似文献
997.
Flocculation of microalgae using cationic starch 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Dries Vandamme Imogen Foubert Boudewijn Meesschaert Koenraad Muylaert 《Journal of applied phycology》2010,22(4):525-530
Due to their small size and low concentration in the culture medium, cost-efficient harvesting of microalgae is a major challenge.
We evaluated the potential of cationic starch as a flocculant for harvesting microalgae using jar test experiments. Cationic
starch was an efficient flocculant for freshwater (Parachlorella, Scenedesmus) but not for marine microalgae (Phaeodactylum, Nannochloropsis). At high cationic starch doses, dispersion restabilization was observed. The required cationic starch dose to induce flocculation
increased linearly with the initial algal biomass concentration. Of the two commercial cationic starch flocculants tested,
Greenfloc 120 (used in wastewater treatment) was more efficient than Cargill C*Bond HR 35.849 (used in paper manufacturing).
For flocculation of Parachlorella using Greenfloc 120, the cationic starch to algal biomass ratio required to flocculate 80% of algal biomass was 0.1. For
Scenedesmus, a lower dose was required (ratio 0.03). Flocculation of Parachlorella using Greenfloc 120 was independent of pH in the pH range of 5 to 10. Measurements of the maximum quantum yield of PSII suggest
that Greenfloc 120 cationic starch was not toxic to Parachlorella. Cationic starch may be used as an efficient, nontoxic, cost-effective, and widely available flocculant for harvesting microalgal
biomass. 相似文献
998.
Se-Wook Jung Tae-Kwon Kim Kwang-Woo Lee Yong-Hyun Lee 《Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering》2007,12(3):207-212
The catalytic properties of β-cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (β-CGTase) from alkalophilicBacillus sp. BL-12 specific for the intermolecular transglycosylation of stevioside were investigated. The molecular mass of purified
β-CGTase by ultra-filtration and β-cyclodextrin polymer affinity chromatography was estimated to be 90 kDa, which is high
compared to other known bacterial CGTases. The optimal pH and temperature were 9.0 and 50°C, respectively, and thermal stability
at 40°C was elevated 10-fold in the presence of 1% maltodextrin. The kinetic parameters of the new β-CGTase from alkalophilicBacillus sp. BL-12 indicate that it is more suitable for transglycosylation than the cyclization reaction. Maltodextrin was the most
suitable glycosyl donor for transglycosylation of stevioside. The transglycosylation of stevioside was carried out using 60
units of CGTase per gram of maltodextrin, 20 g/L stevioside as the glycosyl acceptor, and 50 g/L maltodextrin as the gycosyl
donor at 40°C for 6 h, and a conversion yield of stevioside as high as 76% was obtained. 相似文献
999.
Inventory and monitoring of wine microbial consortia 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The evolution of the wine microbial ecosystem is generally restricted to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Oenococcus oeni, which are the two main agents in the transformation of grape must into wine by acting during alcoholic and malolactic fermentation,
respectively. But others species like the yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis and certain ropy strains of Pediococcus parvulus can spoil the wine. The aim of this study was to address the composition of the system more precisely, identifying other
components. The advantages of the polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) approach to
wine microbial ecology studies are illustrated by bacteria and yeast species identification and their monitoring at each stage
of wine production. After direct DNA extraction, PCR-DGGE was used to make the most exhaustive possible inventory of bacteria
and yeast species found in a wine environment. Phylogenetic neighbor-joining trees were built to illustrate microbial diversity.
PCR-DGGE was also combined with population enumeration in selective media to monitor microbial changes at all stages of production.
Moreover, enrichment media helped to detect the appearance of spoilage species. The genetic diversity of the wine microbial
community and its dynamics during winemaking were also described. Most importantly, our study provides a better understanding
of the complexity and diversity of the wine microbial consortium at all stages of the winemaking process: on grape berries,
in must during fermentation, and in wine during aging. On grapes, 52 different yeast species and 40 bacteria could be identified.
The diversity was dramatically reduced during winemaking then during aging. Yeast and lactic acid bacteria were also isolated
from very old vintages. B. bruxellensis and O. oeni were the most frequent. 相似文献
1000.
Zaprionus indianus is a recent invader in Brazil and was probably introduced from the West Afrotropical zone. So far, studies regarding its
chromosomal polymorphism were limited to India. We found that Brazilian populations were very different from Indian ones.
Five new inversions have been discovered. In(II)A, already described in India, where it is quite common, has also been found in Brazil, where it is very rare. The X-chromosome
has three inversions; In(X)Na, In(X)Ke and In(X)Eg, which are frequent in all Brazilian populations studied. In every case, we observed strong linkage disequilibrium among
these gene arrangements. During the primary collection period (2001–2002), we noticed a significant positive correlation between
the frequency of these inversions and latitude, but this was not confirmed in later investigations. Rearrangement In(IV)EF was also common in all populations, while inversion In(V)B was only found in southern populations. Our data suggest that the founders that recently invaded Brazil were polymorphic
for the six inversions observed. The place of origin might be identified more precisely by investigating West African populations.
In order to facilitate further investigations, we present an updated polytene chromosome photomap, locating the breakpoints
of every inversion observed in Brazilian populations.
Galina Ananina and Cláudia Rohde contributed equally to this work 相似文献