Genome constitutions of Thinopyrum curvifolium, T. scirpeum, T. distichum, and T. junceum (Triticeae: Gramineae).

The objective of this study is to elucidate genome constitutions of Thinopyrum curvifolium (Lange) D.R. Dewey, T. scirpeum (K. Presl) D.R. Dewey, T. distichum (Thunb.) A. L?ve, and T. junceum (L.) A. L?ve. Hybrids of T. sartorii (Boiss. &Heidr.) A. L?ve with T. scirpeum and T. junceum, as well as the hybrid between T. curvifolium and Pseudoroegneria geniculata ssp. scythica (Nevski) A. L?ve, were made and chromosome pairing at metaphase I was studied. The karyotype analyses of mitotic cells stained by aceto-orcein were conducted for both hybrids and the four target species. The Giemsa C-banding following acetocarmine staining was carried out for the above species and the triploid hybrid T. curvifolium x T. bessarabicum (Savul &Rayss) A. L?ve. Meiotic data indicate that all target species have two sets of the basic genome J, but they behave like true allopolyploids because of bivalentization. Karyotypes of T. curvifolium and its triploid hybrid with T. bessarabicum indicate that T. curvifolium contains two different versions of the Jb genome, designated as Jb3 and Jb4, rather than two Je genomes as previously believed. Thinopyrum scirpeum and T. elongatum (4x) have similar karyotypes. Both are segmental allotetraploids carrying two forms of the Je genome. Their genome formulae are Je2 Je3 and Je1 Je3, respectively. Thinopyrum distichum has a karyotype similar to T. junceiforme, which has the Jb2 Je2 genome formula. However, the two species differ in C-banding patterns, reflecting their geographical separation. Thinopyrum junceum is a hexaploid with two pairs of Jb2 genomes and one pair of the Je2 genome, and it has a C-banding pattern similar to that of T. junceiforme, which has one pair each of the Jb2 and Je2 genomes.     

A Meaningful Attempt: Applying Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma to Induce Polarization of Macrophages

Macrophage polarization plays an important role in many macrophage-related diseases. This study was designed to preliminarily explore the effects of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma on the polarization direction and cell activity of macrophages with different phenotypes (ie, M0, M1, and M2). The M1 macrophage marker inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and M2 macrophage marker cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206) were detected by western blot (WB). The effects of DBD plasma on macrophage viability were analyzed by using a cell counting kit-8 detection kit. M0, M1, and M2 macrophages exhibited a decrease in iNOS expression and an increase in CD206 expression after the DBD plasma intervention. Additionally, the decrease in macrophage viability remained non-significant after initiating the intervention. DBD plasma can promote the transformation of M0 and M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages, and can further enhance the expression of the M2 macrophage phenotype marker CD206. Our study not only demonstrates the potential therapeutic value of DBD plasma for macrophage-related diseases, but it also provides a new direction for research to improve the treatment of macrophage-related diseases. © 2023 Bioelectromagnetics Society.     

酿酒酵母合成木栓酮及其衍生物的研究现状及展望

木栓酮及其衍生物在植物中普遍存在且种类繁多,具有丰富的生理药理学活性。木栓酮衍生物是以木栓酮为骨架经细胞色素氧化酶P450(cytochromeP450,CYP450)及UDP葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, UGT)修饰而来。植物中天然木栓酮及其衍生物的含量极低,传统的萃取分离和化学合成效率低、能耗高且污染环境,因此,利用酿酒酵母作为宿主菌生产木栓酮及其衍生物是一种高效且环保的策略。本文从增加前体含量、提高酶活性和产物合成的亚细胞定位等方面介绍并展望了木栓酮在酿酒酵母中高效生产的策略,并介绍了目前几种常见的木栓酮衍生物研究现状,从根据碳骨架相似性挖掘CYP450、蛋白质工程改造CYP450和合成代谢基因簇的挖掘等方面展望了木栓酮衍生物的合成途径解析的新思路。     

Sub-Cellular Distribution of Zinc in Different Vegetative Organs and Their Contribution to Grains Zinc Accumulation in Rice Under Different Nitrogen and Zinc Supply

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - Zinc is an important micronutrient for the growth and development of human body and plants. Proper use of nitrogen fertilizer and foliar application of Zn have...     

Nitric Oxide Enhances Salt Tolerance in Tomato Seedlings by Regulating Endogenous S-nitrosylation Levels

Salinity impairs plant growth and development, thereby leading to low yield and inferior quality of crops. Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an essential signaling molecule that is involved in regulating various physiological and biochemical processes in plants. In this study, tomato seedlings of Lycopersicum esculentum L. “Micro-Tom” treated with 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) conducted decreased plant height, total root length, and leaf area by 25.43%, 24.87%, and 33.67%, respectively. While nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) pretreatment ameliorated salt toxicity in a dose-dependent manner and 10 µM GSNO exhibited the most significant mitigation effect. It increased the plant height, total root length, and leaf area of tomato seedlings, which was 31.44%, 20.56%, and 51.21% higher than NaCl treatment alone, respectively. However, NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium (cPTIO) treatment reversed the positive effect of NO under salt stress, implying that NO is essential for the enhancement of salt tolerance. Additionally, NaCl?+?GSNO treatment effectively decreased O^2? production and H₂O₂ content, increased the levels of soluble sugar, glycinebetaine, proline, and chlorophyll, and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the content of antioxidants in tomato seedlings in comparison with NaCl treatment, whereas NaCl?+?cPTIO treatment significantly reversed the effect of NO under salt stress. Moreover, we found that GSNO treatment increased endogenous NO content, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) activity, GSNOR expression and total S-nitrosylated level, and decreased S-nitrosothiol (SNO) content under salt stress, implicating that S-nitrosylation might be involved in NO-enhanced salt tolerance in tomatoes. Altogether, these results suggest that NO confers salt tolerance in tomato seedlings probably by the promotion of photosynthesis and osmotic balance, the enhancement of antioxidant capability and the increase of protein S-nitrosylation levels.

     

Seed Priming with Gibberellin Regulates the Germination of Cotton Seeds Under Low-Temperature Conditions

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - Exogenous substances play an important role in the response of cotton to low-temperature conditions during the germination stage, but little is known about the...     

Comprehensive Evaluation and Screening for 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Tolerance in Rice Cultivars at Different Growth Stages

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) pollution in fields has become a potential threat to rice growth, yet little is known about the different response of many...     

Regulation of Nitrogen Metabolism,Photosynthetic Activity,and Yield Attributes of Spring Wheat by Nitrogen Fertilizer in the Semi-arid Loess Plateau Region

It is critical for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the semi-arid Loess Plateau to understand the impact of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on changes in N metabolism, photosynthetic parameters, and their relationship with grain yield and quality. The photosynthetic capacity of flag leaves, dry matter accumulation, and N metabolite enzyme activities from anthesis to maturity were studied on a long-term fertilization trial under different N rates [0 kg ha^?1(N1), 52.5 kg ha^?1 (N2), 105 kg ha^?1 (N3), 157.5 kg ha^?1 (N4), and 210 kg ha^?1 (N5)]. It was observed that N3 produced optimum total dry matter (5407 kg ha^?1), 1000 grain weight (39.7 g), grain yield (2.64 t ha^?1), and protein content (13.97%). Our results showed that N fertilization significantly increased photosynthetic parameters and N metabolite enzymes at all growth stages. Nitrogen harvest index, partial productivity factor, agronomic recovery efficiency, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency were decreased with increased N. Higher N rates (N3–N5) maintained higher photosynthetic capacity and dry matter accumulation and lower intercellular CO₂ content. The N supply influenced NUE by improving photosynthetic properties. The N3 produced highest chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, grain yield, grain protein, dry matter, grains weight, and N metabolite enzyme activities compared to the other rates (N1, N2, N4, and N5). Therefore, increasing N rates beyond the optimum quantity only promotes vegetative development and results in lower yields.

     

The Effect of High-Temperature Stress on the Physiological Indexes,Chloroplast Ultrastructure,and Photosystems of two Herbaceous Peony Cultivars

In this study, two herbaceous peony cultivars with different heat tolerances (‘Fenyunu’ FYN low sensitivity and ‘Qiaoling’ QL high sensitivity) were used as research materials. An integrated view of the factors underlying the decrease in photosynthetic rate under high-temperature (HT) stress was provided by analyzing the biochemical parameters, chloroplast ultrastructure, gas-exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, and modulated 820 nm reflection of herbaceous peony leaves. The results showed that hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, malondialdehyde, and electrical conductivity increased significantly, while the photosynthetic pigments content and photosynthetic capacity decreased significantly in QL than in FYN under HT. The contents of soluble sugars and proline increased greatly in FYN than in QL, while the activity of SOD decreased markedly in QL than in FYN after HT. Compared with FYN, the ultrastructure of QL was more seriously disrupted under HT. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis showed that HT changed the shapes of OJIP curve, resulting in the increase of K phase and J phase. The PSII acceptor side was more damaged than the donor side, and the electron transfer was seriously blocked. The energy flow in the process of light energy absorption, capture, and electron transfer were significantly changed after HT stress. Meanwhile, PSI was also significantly inhibited, and the coordination of both photosystems decreased. The variation of these parameters in FYN was less than that in QL. These results suggested that FYN featured a more heat-tolerance ability as evidenced by the good performances on the antioxidant system, osmoregulatory capacity, and the thermostability of membranes and photosystems.