Purification and Some Properties of α-Galactosidase from Tubers of Stachys affinis

An α-galactosidase from tubers of S. affinis was purified about 130 fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. The purified enzyme showed a single protein band on disc gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be approximately 42,000 by gel filtration and 44,000 by SDS disc gel electrophoresis. The optimum reaction pH was 5.2. The enzyme hydrolyzed raffinose more rapidly than planteose. The activation energy of raffinose and planteose by the enzyme was estimated to be 7.89 and 11.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The enzyme activity was inhibited by various galactosides and structural analogs of d-galactose. Besides hydrolytic activity, the enzyme also catalyzed the transfer reaction of d-galactosyl residue from raffinose to methanol.     

The Nutritional Value of D-Amino Acid in the Chick Nutrition

The nutritional values of 16 D-amino acids in chick growth were studied on the purified diets containing crystalline amino acids as a sole source of nitrogen. Growth rate, feed consumption and nitrogen retention were measured. The nutritional values of D-amino acids were studied by comparing individually with the control groups fed on the diet containing all L-amino acids and negative control groups fed with the diet omitted the corresponding L-isomer. The following results were obtained. Essential amino acids: 1. Equal or almost equal nutritional value to the corresponding L-isomer; methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, proline. 2. Half nutritional value compared with L-isomer; valine. 3. Small nutritional value compared with L-isomer; tryptophan, isoleucine, histidine. 4. No nutritional value; lysine, threonine, arginine. Non-essential amino acid: 1. Equal or almost equal nutritional value to the corresponding L-isomer; serine, tyrosine, cystine. 2. There is a possibility that it has a slight growth retardation effect; alanine. 3. The growth retardation effect was found; aspartic acid.     

Riboflavin Biosynthesis by Candida robusta

Metal ions had little influence on riboflavin production by Candida robusta, except that Ag, Cu and Hg were strongly inhibitory. The inhibiting action of iron on its production was comparatively small, so that any previous treatment for the removal of iron from the medium was not necessary. Addition of GaCO₃ was found to be essential in media containing sucrose or acetate as a carbon source, as pointed out in the previous paper. This effect of CaCO₃ was attributed to its neutralizing action. When the reaction of the medium was kept at the optimum pH, about 7.0, high yields of riboflavin could be obtained without the presence of CaCO₃.     

Streptomyces Pepsin Inhibitor-Insensitive Carboxyl Proteinase from Lentinus edodes

A Streptomyces-pepsin inhibitor (S-PI or Pepstatin Ac), and DAN-insensitive carboxyl proteinase was found in a still culture filtrate of Lentinus edodes. The new carboxyl proteinase was purified, and about 9 mg purified enzyme was obtained from 19 liters of culture filtrate, with 11% recovery. The enzyme showed a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight and isoelectric point were 40,000 and pH 4.2, respectively. The enzyme did not contain histidine and was composed of 387 amino acid residues. The enzyme was most active between pH 2.7 ~ 2.9, and stable over a pH of 3.2 ~ 5.2 for 3 hr at 37°C. The enzyme was not inhibited by S-PI or synthetic pepsin inhibitors such as DAN and EPNP. The physicochemical and enzymological properties were very similar to those of Scytalidium lignicolum carboxyl proteinase A, which was reported to be an S-PI-, and DAN-insensitive carboxyl proteinase.     

Evaluation of Polyethylene Glycol as a Water-soluble Marker: Absorption and Excretion of 14C-labeled Polyethylene Glycol in Rats

The absorbability of polyethylene glycol (PEG), a water-soluble nutritional marker, from the gastrointestinal tract of rat was examined using the [¹⁴C]-labeled compound ([¹⁴C]PEG) having a molecular weight of 4000. Intravenously injected [¹⁴C]PEG was readily excreted and recovered almost completely in the urine and neither hepatic nor renal uptake of the PEG was observed. Intragastrically administered [¹⁴C]PEG was eliminated in the urine with an average recovery of only 0.43 ± 0.13% (Mean ± S.D., n= 10) of the dose over 24 hr. From the gel column chromatographic profile of the radioactivity excreted in the urine after an oral dose, [¹⁴C]PEG was suggested to be absorbed in two forms, as an original form and as a low molecular weight component. The latter component might be the degraded product of PEG in the gastrointestinal tract. From these results it was confirmed that PEG with a molecular weight of 4000 is a satisfactory marker because of its low absorbability.     

Identification of Castasterone,Typhasterol and Teasterone from the Pollen of Zea mays

From the pollen of Zea mays, three brassinosteroids, castasterone, typhasterol and teasterone, were identified by GC/MS and/or ¹H NMR. Their concentrations in the pollen were shown by GC/SIM to be about 120 μg/kg fr.wt. (castasterone), 6.6 μg/kg fr.wt. (typhasterol) and 4.1 μg/kg fr.wt. (teasterone). It was also found that the anther contained a fairly large amount of brassinosteroids by a bioassay.     

A Root Growth-promoting Factor,Capillarol, from Artemisia capillaris Thunb

A root growth-promoting factor was isolated from Artemisia capillaris Thunb. The chemical structure of this compound was elucidated as methyl 3-(3-methylbut-2-enoyl)-4-hydroxycinnamate (capillarol) on the basis of its spectroscopic analysis. At 5×10^–4m this compound promoted rice root growth to 180% of the control value.