Atorvastatin Upregulates the Expression of miR-126 in Apolipoprotein E-knockout Mice with Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque

Carotid atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the carotid arterial wall, which is very important in terms of the occurrence of cerebral vascular accidents. Studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) and their target genes are involved in the formation of atherosclerosis and that atorvastatin might reduce atherosclerotic plaques by regulating the expression of miRNAs. However, the related mechanism is not yet known. In this study, we first investigated the effects of atorvastatin on miR-126 and its target gene, i.e., vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE?/?) mice with carotid atherosclerotic plaque in vivo. We compared the expressions of miR-126 and VCAM-1 between the control, atherosclerotic model and atorvastatin treatment groups of ApoE?/? mice using RT-PCR and Western blot. We found the miR-126 expression was significantly down-regulated, and the VCAM-1 expression was significantly up-regulated in the atherosclerotic model group, which accelerated the progression of atherosclerosis in the ApoE?/? mice. These results following atorvastatin treatment indicated that miR-126 expression was significantly up-regulated, VCAM-1 expression was significantly down-regulated and atherosclerotic lesions were reduced. The present results might explain the mechanism by which miR-126 is involved in the formation of atherosclerosis in vivo. Our study first indicated that atorvastatin might exert its anti-inflammatory effects in atherosclerosis by regulating the expressions of miR-126 and VCAM-1 in vivo.     

Vimentin is important in the neural differentiation of PC12 cells promoted by sialylation

Sialic acid modification is a kind of post-translational modification. To investigate the regulation effect of sialic acid on neural differentiation, we used CycloManN propanyl perac (CycloManN pro), a metabolic precursor of sialic acid, to treat PC12 cells. We noted that CycloManN pro indeed robustly promoted global sialylation detected by MAL II lectin blot in PC12 cells. Simultaneously, we interestingly found that the neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells was significantly promoted by the CycloManN pro treatment. The profile analysis of sialylated proteins showed that a protein band at 55KD was greatly enhanced especially in PC12L cells after CycloManN pro treatment. After enrichment with lectin MAL II, the proteins in this band were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The results showed that 23 proteins were in the band, but the score of vimentin was the highest among them. To investigate further the role of vimentin in the process of neurite differentiation, vimentin construct was transfected into PC12 cells. We interestingly observed that ectopic expression of vimentin significantly enhanced the neurite outgrowth induced by CycloManN pro. However, after three potential glycosylation sites (Ser-7, Thr-33, Ser-34:) of vimentin were mutated to alanine, overexpression of the mutated vimentin completely lost the enhancement activity for the neural differentiation even in the presence of CycloManN pro. Taken together, our study demonstrated that vimentin was important in the induction of neural differentiation by CycloManN pro.     

偃麦草属植物醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白多态性及系统学研究

运用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)和十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)对偃麦草属(Elytrigia)24个物种的醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白进行了研究。以中国春为参照,按醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白电泳图谱条带迁移距离大小和条带多态性对供试材料进行聚类分析。结果显示,24份供试材料均呈现不同的醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白电泳图谱,共分离出醇溶蛋白带纹83条和谷蛋白带纹53条,多态性均达100%,并且在相同染色体组组成的物种中,染色体数目越多,其蛋白带纹越多;偃麦草属24个物种的醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白图谱均有明显差异,蛋白图谱可作为鉴定偃麦草属物种的指纹图谱。聚类分析结果显示,在材料间的醇溶蛋白遗传相似性系数为0.66时,24份材料被划分为6个主要类群,含E和St基因组的物种具有较近的亲缘关系;在谷蛋白遗传相似性系数为0.62时,24份材料被聚为4大类。聚类结果表明,染色体组成未知的物种Et.pachynera可能为异源多倍体物种。     

Targeting myeloid differentiation protein 2 by the new chalcone L2H21 protects LPS‐induced acute lung injury

Acute inflammatory diseases are the leading causes of mortality in intensive care units. Myeloid differentiation 2 (MD‐2) is required for recognizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), and represents an attractive therapeutic target for LPS‐induced inflammatory diseases. In this study, we report a chalcone derivative, L2H21, as a new MD2 inhibitor, which could inhibit LPS‐induced inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. We identify that L2H21 as a direct inhibitor of MD‐2 by binding to Arg⁹⁰ and Tyr¹⁰² residues in MD‐2 hydrophobic pocket using a series of biochemical experiments, including surface plasmon response, molecular docking and amino acid mutation. L2H21 dose dependently inhibited LPS‐induced inflammatory cytokine expression in primary macrophages. In mice with LPS intratracheal instillation, L2H21 significantly decreased LPS‐induced pulmonary oedema, pathological changes in lung tissue, protein concentration increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, inflammatory cells infiltration and inflammatory gene expression, accompanied with the decrease in pulmonary TLR4/MD‐2 complex. Meanwhile, administration with L2H21 protects mice from LPS‐induced mortality at a degree of 100%. Taken together, this study identifies a new MD2 inhibitor L2H21 as a promising candidate for the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI) and sepsis, and validates that inhibition of MD‐2 is a potential therapeutic strategy for ALI.     

VEGF165 induces differentiation of hair follicle stem cells into endothelial cells and plays a role in in vivo angiogenesis

Within the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of five subtypes, VEGF165 secreted by endothelial cells has been identified to be the most active and widely distributed factor that plays a vital role in courses of angiogenesis, vascularization and mesenchymal cell differentiation. Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) can be harvested from the bulge region of the outer root sheath of the hair follicle and are adult stem cells that have multi‐directional differentiation potential. Although the research on differentiation of stem cells (such as fat stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells) to the endothelial cells has been extensive, but the various mechanisms and functional forms are unclear. In particular, study on HFSCs’ directional differentiation into vascular endothelial cells using VEGF165 has not been reported. In this study, VEGF165 was used as induction factor to induce the differentiation from HFSCs into vascular endothelial cells, and the results showed that Notch signalling pathway might affect the differentiation efficiency of vascular endothelial cells. In addition, the in vivo transplantation experiment provided that HFSCs could promote angiogenesis, and the main function is to accelerate host‐derived neovascularization. Therefore, HFSCs could be considered as an ideal cell source for vascular tissue engineering and cell transplantation in the treatment of ischaemic diseases.     

Stable Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells with Low‐Temperature‐Processed Hole‐Transport Bilayer

Low‐temperature‐processed perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which can be fabricated on rigid or flexible substrates, are attracting increasing attention because they have a wide range of potential applications. In this study, the stability of reduced graphene oxide and the ability of a poly(triarylamine) underlayer to improve the quality of overlying perovskite films to construct hole‐transport bilayer by means of a low‐temperature method are taken advantage of. The bilayer is used in both flexible and rigid inverted planar PSCs with the following configuration: substrate/indium tin oxide/reduced graphene oxide/polytriarylamine/CH₃NH₃PbI₃/PCBM/bathocuproine/Ag (PCBM = [6,6]‐phenyl‐C₆₁‐butyric acid methyl ester). The flexible and rigid PSCs show power conversion efficiencies of 15.7 and 17.2%, respectively, for the aperture area of 1.02 cm². Moreover, the PSC based the bilayer shows outstanding light‐soaking stability, retaining ≈90% of its original efficiency after continuous illumination for 500 h at 100 mW cm^?2.     

Four New Diterpene Glucosides from Perovskia atriplicifolia

Four new diterpene glucosides, namely perovskiaditerpenosides A – D ( 1  –  4 ), were isolated from the BuOH extract of Perovskia atriplicifolia. Their structures were well elucidated by chemical methods and comprehensive spectroscopic analyses including MS, IR, and NMR (1D and 2D). The newly isolated compounds were screened for their cytotoxic activity against HepG2, NB4, HeLa, K562, MCF7, PC3, and HL60. The obtained results indicated that the new compounds possessed considerable cytotoxic activity.     

Scale-up cultivation enhanced arachidonic acid accumulation by red microalgae Porphyridium purpureum

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering - The present study attempts to cultivate Porphyridium purpureum under different scale-up conditions for further development and commercialization of...     

Meta-analysis of the association between five single nucleotide polymorphisms in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">BDNF</Emphasis> gene and allergic inflammation susceptibility

The association between five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene (rs6265, rs10767664, rs12273539, rs962369 and rs11030101) and allergic inflammatory disease susceptibility has been extensively reported, while the conclusions were inconclusive. The present study was designed to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the relationship between the BDNF polymorphisms and allergic disease risks. A comprehensive literature search of the shared public electronic databases was conducted before September 1, 2016. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using review manager 5.3. Eleven eligible studies (a total of 5217, 6432, 6432, 6432, 4216 subjects focused on rs6265, rs10767664, rs12273539, rs962369 and rs11030101, respectively) were finally contained. Significant genetic association of rs6265 variant and susceptibility of allergic inflammation was observed under allele contrast, recessive and over-dominant model in the overall analysis. Besides, stratified analysis by ethnicity found that the close relationship between rs6265 polymorphism and increased allergic disease risk of Caucasian was observed under recessive and over-dominant model, as well as under allele contrast, recessive, homozygous and over-dominant model in the Asian. Additionally, subgroup analysis based on the disease types showed the obvious relation of rs6265 and asthma risk in several hereditary model. Moreover, strong association between rs10767664 polymorphism and extraordinary risk of allergic disease was also detected in four genetic models. However, no association was discovered with rs962369, rs12273539 and rs11030101. The present meta-analysis suggested that the SNPs (rs10767664 and rs6265) in the BDNF gene is potentially associated with increased allergic disease susceptibility.     

关于北京猿人用火的证据:研究历史、争议与新进展

周口店第1地点古人类用火证据是该遗址一系列重大科学发现中的一项重要内容,在很长时期内,作为同类遗存中最早的记录及其分析论证结果被国际学术界广泛接受。但随着少数西方学者的质疑和挑战,从上世纪八十年代中期开始在这一问题上出现争议,其后开展的埋藏学和地球化学分析又得出进一步否定的结论。但周口店遗址的洞穴地层十分复杂,目前残存的堆积与古人类生存时期的状态有重大差别,与当初大规模发掘时见证的遗物遗迹的分布与埋藏状况也有很大不同,在剖面表层做局部有限的采样分析并不足以推翻以前的系统性研究结论,何况很多否定性的意见源自学术理论思潮的转变和缺乏具体分析的常规性推理。从以前的发掘记录和各种分析结果看,周口店遗址埋藏着丰富的古人类用火证据,这些证据不是孤立的,是可以相互验证和支持的。2009年以来在遗址开展的新的发掘与研究获得重要进展,揭示出具有结构的火塘、烧骨、石灰化的灰岩块等原地用火产生的遗物与遗迹,对相关材料的现代科技分析进一步确定这些遗存的人类用火性质。这样,遗址上文化层的用火证据变得明确无误,相关争议终可尘埃落定。对于下部地层中的用火证据,尚需做同样的发掘、分析和研究工作。