Microbial community structure in moraine lakes and glacial meltwaters, Mount Everest

The bacterial diversity and abundance in two moraine lakes and two glacial meltwaters (5140, 5152, 5800 and 6350 m above sea level, respectively) in the remote Mount Everest region were examined through 16S rRNA gene clone library and flow cytometry approaches. In total, 247 clones were screened by RFLP and 60 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained, belonging to the following groups: Proteobacteria (8% alpha subdivision, 21% beta subdivision, and 1% gamma subdivision), Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroides (CFB) (54%), Actinobacteria (4%), Planctomycetes (2%), Verrucomicrobia (2%), Fibrobacteres (1%) and Eukaryotic chroloplast (3%), respectively. The high dominance of CFB distinguished the Mount Everest waters from other mountain lakes. The highest bacterial abundance and diversity occurred in the open moraine lake at 5152 m, and the lowest in the glacial meltwater at 6350 m. Low temperature at high altitude is considered to be critical for component dominancy. At the same altitude, nutrient availability plays a role in regulating population structure. Our results also show that the bacteria in Mount Everest may be derived from different sources.     

合成六倍体小麦与其亲本在合成后小麦A/B染色体组微卫星位点的比较

构建人工合成六倍体小麦是利用小麦近缘材料优异基因的很有效的方法。但是目前在人工合成异源六倍小麦的过程中对微卫星位点的影响研究尚不完善。本研究直接比较了亲本四倍体小麦PS5与4个不同粗山羊草进行远缘杂交并经染色体自然加倍后获得4个人工合成六倍体小麦前后,位于普通小麦A/B染色体组不同染色体臂上的104对引物的变化。结果表明,104对微卫星引物的扩增产物在4个合成六倍体小麦中具有与普通小麦相同的带型;但在22对引物的扩增产物上存在差异,其中Am4与其它3个六倍体小麦Am1,Am2,Am3在15对引物扩增的条带存在差异;另外发现有45对特异与AB染色体的引物能够在粗山羊草中扩增出产物,其中特异于B染色体组的引物47.54%的可以在粗山羊草中扩增出产物,而A染色体组的引物占38.24%。因此,基于普通小麦开发的微卫星引物可以用于合成六倍体小麦的研究,而Am4材料与其它3个合成二倍体小麦的差异尚需进一步研究,另外我们推测普通小麦的B染色体组与A染色体组相比与粗山羊草存在较近的亲缘关系。     

The synthesis and SAR of novel diarylsulfone 11β-HSD1 inhibitors

In this communication, human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitory activities of a novel series of diarylsulfones are described. Optimization of this series resulted in several highly potent 11β-HSD1 inhibitors with excellent pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Compound (S)-25 showed excellent efficacy in a non-human primate ex vivo pharmacodynamic model.     

Bacterial Community of the Largest Oligosaline Lake,Namco on the Tibetan Plateau

Bacterial abundances and diversity in the surface water of Lake Namco, the largest oligosaline lake on the Tibetan Plateau, were examined using flow cytometry approach and constructing 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Bacterial abundances were from 0.08 × 10⁶ to 1.6 × 10⁶ cells mL^?1, and were in the reported range of other lakes of the Tibetan Plateau and high mountain regions. Bacterial abundances were significantly correlated with the concentrations of chlorophyll a (chl a), but showed no significant relationship with the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which suggested that the amount of DOC released by algae was the key factor determining the bacterial abundance rather than the total DOC. The total trace elements concentrations also obviously connected with bacterial abundances, and 9 of 20 elements showed significant relationship. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone sequences were affiliated to the α-, β-, γ-, δ-, and ?-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, Candidate division OD1, or unclassified, and among these the β-Proteobacteria dominated. Bacteria in Lake Namco were most closely related to those retrieved from freshwater habitats. Relatively few sequences were closely related to those recovered from saline habitats. Eleven of 34 typical freshwater bacterial clusters were detected in the oligosaline Lake Namco. Bacterial diversity within the lake varied and was connected with the concentrations of DOC and chl a.     

CRISPR/Cas9技术在小麦育种中的应用进展

小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）是世界上主要的农作物之一,在粮食安全供应中发挥重要作用。在过去的几十年,由于小麦基因组复杂和遗传转化困难,导致小麦的基础和应用研究落后于其他谷类作物。2014年小麦基因组编辑取得了显著进展,进而促进了小麦生物技术的发展。综述了CRISPR/Cas9技术在小麦育种中的研究进展,简单介绍了CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术的发现、原理和优缺点,指出小麦基因编辑过程中农杆菌介导的遗传转化较粒子轰击法可降低转基因沉默频率,未来将成为基因编辑过程中主流的遗传转化方式;优化sgRNA的启动子、选择同源保守序列做为靶点可以提高基因编辑效率;新开发的碱基编辑器和prime editor需引入更多突变类型。展望了进一步提高小麦基因编辑效率和安全性的可行性,以期为未来小麦育种工作提供参考。     

A mutation in the E2 subunit of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in Arabidopsis reduces plant organ size and enhances the accumulation of amino acids and intermediate products of the TCA Cycle

The mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (mtPDC) plays a pivotal role in controlling the entry of carbon into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle for energy production. This multi-enzyme complex consists of three components: E1, E2, and E3. In Arabidopsis, there are three genes, mtE2-1, mtE2-2, and mtE2-3, which encode the putative mtPDC E2 subunit but how each of them contributes to the total mtPDC activity remains unknown. In this work, we characterized an Arabidopsis mutant, m132, that has abnormal small organs. Molecular cloning indicated that the phenotype of m132 is caused by a mutation in the mtE2-1 gene, which results in a truncation of 109 amino acids at the C-terminus of the encoded protein. In m132, mtPDC activity is only 30% of the WT and ATP production is severely impaired. The mutation in the mtE2-1 gene also leads to the over-accumulation of most intermediate products of the TCA cycle and of all the amino acids for protein synthesis. Our results suggest that, among the three mtE2 genes, mtE2-1 is a major contributor to the function of Arabidopsis mtPDC and that the functional disruption of mtE2-1 profoundly affects plant growth and development, as well as its metabolism.     

Imidazo-pyrazine derivatives as potent CXCR3 antagonists

A general way of improving the potency of CXCR3 antagonists with fused hetero-bicyclic cores was identified. Optimization efforts led to the discovery of a series of imidazo-pyrazine derivatives with improved pharmacokinetic properties in addition to increased potency. The efficacy of the lead compound 21 is evaluated in a mouse lung inflammation model.     

Tetrahydroquinoline derivatives as CRTH2 antagonists

A series of tetrahydroquinoline-derived inhibitors of the CRTH2 receptor was discovered by a high throughput screen. Optimization of these compounds for potency and pharmacokinetic properties led to the discovery of potent and orally bioavailable CRTH2 antagonists.