Evolutionary game dynamics with impulsive effects

The jumps in population size due to the occurrence of an unfavorable physical environment (e.g. the effects of periodic climate disaster on the population size), or due to the intrinsic physiological and reproductive mechanisms of the population (e.g. the seasonal reproduction of most animal populations), can be called impulsive perturbations. A two-phenotype evolutionary game dynamics with impulsive effects is investigated. The main goal is to show how the evolutionary game dynamics is affected by the impulsive perturbations. The results show that the impulsive perturbations not only result in periodic behavior, but also it is possible that an ESS strategy based on the traditional concept of evolutionary stability can be replaced successfully by a non-ESS strategy.     

Early molecular diagnosis and detection of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in China

Aims: Wheat stripe (yellow) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is the most important foliar disease on wheat in China. Early molecular diagnosis and detection of stripe rust will provide a useful aid to the accurate forecast and seasonal control of this destructive disease. Our objective was to develop PCR assays for the rapid identification and detection of P. striiformis. Methods and Results: The genomic DNA of P. striiformis and P. triticina were amplified by a pair of primers derived from conserved β‐tubulin gene sequence. A 235‐bp specific DNA fragment of P. striiformis was isolated and purified. Based on its sequence, another two primer sets were designed successfully to obtain new sequence‐characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers of P. striiformis, which could be amplified in all test isolates of P. striiformis, whereas no DNA fragment was obtained in other nontarget wheat pathogens. The detection limit of the primer set YR (f)/YR (r1) was 2·20 pg μl^?1. The new SCAR markers of P. striiformis can also be detected in Pst‐infected wheat leaves postinoculated for 2 days. Conclusions: Our assays are significantly faster than the conventional methods used in the identification of P. striiformis. Significance and Impact of the Study: Development of a simple, high‐throughput assay kit for the rapid diagnosis and detection of wheat stripe rust would be anticipated in a further study.     

Bacterial diversity in the snow over Tibetan Plateau Glaciers

Bacterial diversity and cell abundance in the snow of the four glaciers (Guoqu, Zadang, East Rongbuk and Palong No. 4) located in different climatic zones of the Tibetan Plateau were investigated through culture-independent molecular analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone library and flow cytometry approaches. Cell abundance ranged from 0.68 × 10³ to 720 × 10³ cells mL⁻¹, with higher values in the northern glaciers than in the southern ones. Bacterial diversity was unexpectedly high in the snow habitats of the world’s highest plateau, with 15 common genera distributed widely among the glaciers. The bacterial diversity in the snow at different glaciers was related to the surrounding environments. The Guoqu Glacier, to the north near the desert zone and with the lowest temperature, preserved more bacteria closely related to a cold environment and soil than the other glaciers. However, in the Palong No. 4 Glacier located in the south warm region around vegetation, most bacteria were phylogenetically related to plant-associated bacteria.     

四川小相岭山系大熊猫种群及栖息地调查

小相岭山系是现存大熊猫种群数量最少的山系之一。根据全国第3次大熊猫及其栖息地调查结果,小相岭山系大熊猫栖息地分布在石棉、冕宁和九龙三县,栖息地总面积802.04 km²,大熊猫种群数量有32只。大熊猫在3个位于小相岭山系的自然保护区内种群数量和栖息地面积分别为:四川冶勒自然保护区9只,栖息地面积168.01 km²;四川栗子坪自然保护区14只,栖息地面积306.38 km²;四川贡嘎山自然保护区1只,栖息地面积15.19 km²。在3个保护区大熊猫栖息地总面积为489.58 km²,占各山系大熊猫栖息地总面积的61.05%;有大熊猫24只,占大熊猫种群数量的75.0%。小相岭山系大熊猫meta种群栖息地片段化比较严重,它由2个种群和2个孤立分布点组成。南北方向从成都至昆明的108国道以东的种群A有大熊猫13只,栖息地面积263.54 km², 完整性较好,大熊猫分布比较集中。108国道以西的种群B有大熊猫19只,栖息地面积为538.50 km²,栖息地破碎。该山系大熊猫数量少,栖息地片段化严重,需加强保护。
     

粗山羊草CCT家族基因序列分析及激素响应

开花是植物生长发育的重要过程。CCT家族基因在植物中广泛存在, 参与植物花期的调控过程。该文从粗山羊草(Aegilops tauschii)全基因组中分离出26个CCT基因, 它们分布于7对染色体上, 按照排列顺序将其命名为AetCCT1-26。AetCCT蛋白分子量介于14.9 kDa (AetCCT3)-83.2 kDa (AetCCT12)之间, 其中有25个蛋白包含完整的CCT保守结构域。系统发育分析显示, 12对粗山羊草/乌拉尔图小麦(Triticum urartu) CCT蛋白和9对粗山羊草/水稻(Oryza sativa) CCT蛋白为直系同源蛋白。通过公共数据的数字表达分析表明, AetCCT具有组织特异性和组成型2种表达形式, 其中AetCCT3、AetCCT4、AetCCT7及AetCCT9等9个基因在大部分组织中都有表达, 而AetCCT15、AetCCT21和AetCCT25等基因分别在种子、叶和根等少数组织中特异表达。AetCCT家族可以响应不同外源激素, 施用激素24小时和72小时后各成员对激素响应整体表现一致, 但不同成员对于不同激素的响应存在差异, 表明该家族成员在功能和行使方式等方面具有一定的多样性, 可能参与不同生长发育过程。光照条件影响AetCCT的表达, 说明光照和春化作用是影响与调控该家族基因表达的重要因素。研究结果有助于探索小麦(T. aestivum)进化、驯化和演变的规律, 以及认识重要农艺性状的形成与互作网络。     

基于恢复生态学的泰山地区“山水林田湖草”生态修复研究

目前大多地方生态修复工作往往是对各类生态系统分割式治理,不利于生态系统的整体修复。“山水林田湖草是生命共同体”理念要求各生态要素和生态系统之间的协同特征和有机联系,恢复生态学理论则关注受损生态系统的驱动因素、生态恢复的路径和干预措施,两者的结合能够为生态保护和修复提供坚实的理论和技术基础。基于恢复生态学理论,以泰山地区为研究对象,运用物能循环和转化的生态学原则对受损生态系统生态关键问题进行诊断,明确了“山水林田湖草”生命共同体中的各要素（子系统）在生态过程中的相互影响及相互制约关系,厘清了泰山地区矿山开采（地质受损）-植被破坏-水土流失-景观失调的生态受损与退化机制,在此基础上提出了“地貌重塑、植被重建、水体重构、景观重现”的生态恢复思路。并尝试构建包含生态风险、生态状况和生态恢复能力三重准则共13项指标的评价体系,以期通过生态恢复效果的评价与监测引导生态恢复目标的有效实现。     

Inhibited Wnt Signaling Causes Age-Dependent Abnormalities in the Bone Matrix Mineralization in the Apert Syndrome FGFR2S252W/+ Mice

Apert syndrome (AS) is a type of autosomal dominant disease characterized by premature fusion of the cranial sutures, severe syndactyly, and other abnormalities in internal organs. Approximately 70% of AS cases are caused by a single mutation, S252W, in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Two groups have generated FGFR2 knock-in mice Fgfr2^S252W/+ that exhibit features of AS. During the present study of AS using the Fgfr2^S252W/+ mouse model, an age-related phenotype of bone homeostasis was discovered. The long bone mass was lower in 2 month old mutant mice than in age-matched controls but higher in 5 month old mutant mice. This unusual phenotype suggested that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which are vital to maintain bone homeostasis, might be involved. BMSCs were isolated from Fgfr2^S252W/+ mice and found that S252W mutation could impair osteogenic differentiation BMSCs but enhance mineralization of more mature osteoblasts. A microarray analysis revealed that Wnt pathway inhibitors SRFP1/2/4 were up-regulated in mutant BMSCs. This work provides evidence to show that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is inhibited in both mutant BMSCs and osteoblasts, and differentiation defects of these cells can be ameliorated by Wnt3a treatment. The present study suggested that the bone abnormalities caused by deregulation of Wnt pathway may underlie the symptoms of AS.     

Enhanced green fluorescent protein (<Emphasis Type="Italic">egfp</Emphasis>) gene expression in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetraselmis subcordiformis</Emphasis> chloroplast with endogenous regulators

On the basis of fundamental genetic transformation technologies, the goal of this study was to optimize Tetraselmis subcordiformis chloroplast transformation through the use of endogenous regulators. The genes rrn16S, rbcL, psbA, and psbC are commonly highly expressed in chloroplasts, and the regulators of these genes are often used in chloroplast transformation. For lack of a known chloroplast genome sequence, the genome-walking method was used here to obtain full sequences of T. subcordiformis endogenous regulators. The resulting regulators, including three promoters, two terminators, and a ribosome combination sequence, were inserted into the previously constructed plasmid pPSC-R, with the egfp gene included as a reporter gene, and five chloroplast expression vectors prepared. These vectors were successfully transformed into T. subcordiformis by particle bombardment and the efficiency of each vector tested by assessing EGFP fluorescence via microscopy. The results showed that these vectors exhibited higher efficiency than the former vector pPSC-G carrying exogenous regulators, and the vector pRFA with Prrn, psbA-5′RE, and TpsbA showed the highest efficiency. This research provides a set of effective endogenous regulators for T. subcordiformis and will facilitate future fundamental studies of this alga.     

In planta chemical cross‐linking and mass spectrometry analysis of protein structure and interaction in Arabidopsis

Site‐specific chemical cross‐linking in combination with mass spectrometry analysis has emerged as a powerful proteomic approach for studying the three‐dimensional structure of protein complexes and in mapping protein–protein interactions (PPIs). Building on the success of MS analysis of in vitro cross‐linked proteins, which has been widely used to investigate specific interactions of bait proteins and their targets in various organisms, we report a workflow for in vivo chemical cross‐linking and MS analysis in a multicellular eukaryote. This approach optimizes the in vivo protein cross‐linking conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana, establishes a MudPIT procedure for the enrichment of cross‐linked peptides, and develops an integrated software program, exhaustive cross‐linked peptides identification tool (ECL), to identify the MS spectra of in planta chemical cross‐linked peptides. In total, two pairs of in vivo cross‐linked peptides of high confidence have been identified from two independent biological replicates. This work demarks the beginning of an alternative proteomic approach in the study of in vivo protein tertiary structure and PPIs in multicellular eukaryotes.     

人工合成小麦CI184条锈病成株抗性基因的鉴定及分子标记定位

以硬粒小麦-粗山羊草人工合成小麦CI184、感病品种‘铭贤169’及其杂交组合的正反交F1以及CI184/‘铭贤169’F2、F2:3家系为材料,鉴定其条锈病抗性,对CI184条锈病抗性进行遗传分析;采用SSR分子标记技术和集群分离分析法进行多态性筛选,以F3抗病鉴定数据为依据,对CI184中条锈病抗性基因进行分子标记定位。结果显示:(1)CI184在苗期抗性鉴定中,对30种小麦条锈菌生理小种表现抗性,但对中国四川新出现的条锈菌生理小种V26表现苗期感病;在田间成株抗性接种鉴定中,CI184对中国流行的小麦条锈菌生理小种条中32、条中33、水源4、水源5、水源7和V26等表现出成株抗性。(2)CI184中条锈病抗性由隐性基因位点控制。(3)仅检测到一个控制条锈病抗性的QTL位点,位于1B染色体上Xgwm18和Xwmc626之间,暂时命名为Qyr.zz_1B,在四川和北京2个环境中可分别解释CI184中13.36%和18.07%的成株抗性贡献率。(4)Qyr.zz_1B位点的3个SSR标记和Yr15的1个SSR标记可以区分该位点与1B染色体上的其他抗条锈病基因,如Yr15、Yr24和Yr26/YrCH42。表明Qyr.zz_1B位点在小麦条锈病的抗病育种中具有潜在的应用价值。