Root turnover and production by14C dilution: implications of carbon partitioning in plants

Summary Estimates of belowground net primary production (BNP) obtained by using traditional soil core harvest data are subject to a variety of potentially serious errors. In a controlled growth chamber experiment, we examined the aboveground-belowground, labile to structural tissue, and plant to soil dynamics of carbon to formulate a¹⁴C dilution technique for potential successful application in the field and to quantify sources of error in production estimates.Despite the fact that the majority of net¹⁴C movement between above- and belowground plant parts occurred between the initial labeling and day 5, significant quantities of¹⁴C were incorporated into cell-wall tissue throughout the growing period. The rate of this increase at late sampling dates was greater for roots than for shoots. Total loss of assimilated¹⁴C was 47% in wheat and 28% in blue grama. Exudation and sloughing in wheat and blue grama, respectively, was 15 and 6% of total uptake and 22 and 8% of total plant production.When root production estimates by¹⁴C dilution were corrected for the quantities of labile¹⁴C incorporated into structural carbon between two sampling dates, good agreement with actual production was found. The error associated with these estimates was ±2% compared with a range of –119 to –57% for the uncorrected estimates. Our results suggest that this technique has potential field application if sampling is performed the year after labelling.Sources of errors in harvest versus¹⁴C dilution estimates of BNP are discussed.     

Emergence of some caddisflies (Trichoptera) from a wooded stream in southern Ontario

Twenty-eight species of nine families of caddisflies (Trichoptera) were identified in 170 samples taken over an 8-month period from five emergence traps placed on a second-order, forested, cold-stenothermal stream on the Niagara Escarpment, Ontario, Canada.A mean of 980.9 caddisflies m^–2 of streambed was obtained over the entire sampling period. Eleven common species accounted for 92.8% of the total emergence with specific proportions ranging from 23.8% (Wormaldia moesta) to 0.11 % (Rhyacophila sp.). The use of various kinds of traps in other studies and their effects on the detection of species composition and abundance are discussed and compared with the present study.Although the distributions of all the common species were invariant over time, four species showed low to high degrees of patchiness in the streambed; the other seven common species were uniformly distributed. However, a large residual variance suggested a subtle mechanism of microhabitat selection by the larvae and (or) pupae, not detectable by even the small emergence traps used.Both sexes of 15 species, only males of 4 and only females of 9 species were collected. Eight of the eleven common species showed significant departures from a balanced sex ratio and five exhibited a protandry of from 1 to 3 weeks. Neither this study nor others have been able to establish a predictable pattern of sex ratios in Trichoptera.The emergence periods and patterns of the eleven common species are described and compared with other studies. Of these common species, one emerged in the spring, seven during the summer and three during the late summer or early fall. Ten species had a short emergence period with a distinct peak and a significantly skewed pattern. One species,Parapsyche apicalis, exhibited a prolonged emergence period, no distinct peak and a significantly platykurtotic² pattern. With the exception ofLepidostoma sp. A, the emergence patterns of the common species were unimodal.     

An autoradiographic study of the uptake of tritiated proline by osteoblasts during hibernation

Twenty-four LSH and LVG strain golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, were used. Experimental animals were maintained at 5 C and allowed to hibernate. Control animals were kept at 27 C. Six animals (3 experimental, 3 control) were injected subcutaneously with 1 microCi of 3H-proline/gm body wt. (Spec. act. 3 Ci/mM) after hibernation lasting 12 hours, 1 day, 3 days, or 7 days. Animals were killed 1 hour after injection and autoradiographs were prepared from 5 microns thick decalcified sections of femurs. A greater number of endosteal cells were labeled than periosteal cells and also exhibited a greater magnitude of labeling throughout the study. Differences between endosteal and periosteal cells both in percentage of cells labeled and magnitude of labeling were maximum in control animals and progressively decreased with increasing periods of hibernation. A reduction in synthesis of matrix proteins during the early period of hibernation was seen and was attributed to a significant reduction both in average cell activity and in the number of active cells during hibernation. The latter phenomenon apparently made a large contribution to the reduced matrical synthesis. 3H-proline uptake by osteoblasts probably reflects the reduced requirements of matrical synthesis during hibernation.     

The structural gene for the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase maps to human chromosome 12

Summary A cloned 850 bp cDNA fragment corresponding to the 3-coding part of human ALDHI-mRNA was used as a probe for the chromosomal assignment of the ALDHI gene. Southern blot analysis of human-rodent somatic cell hybrids indicates that the human ALDHI gene resides on chromosome 12.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. H. Holzer on the occasion of his 65. birthday     

Bkm sequences are polymorphic in humans and are clustered in pericentric regions of various acrocentric chromosomes including the Y

Summary Probes of uncloned Bkm satellite DNA and a Drosophila clone 2(8), consisting mainly of GATA repeasts related to a major sequence component in Bkm, have been used to probe Southern blots of human male and female DNAs obtained from a Caucasian and an Australian aboriginal population and to human chromosomes in situ. Hybridization was observed to a distinct and an indistint series of bands against a smeared background. The same distinct bands are identified in the DNA samples with both probes, but are most readily detected using the uncloned Bkm probe. Most restriction bands are common to both populations and some are polymorphic. However, certain bands appear to be characteristic of the Australian aboriginal samples. There are no distinct sex-linked patterns. However all of the small acrocentric human chromosomes, including the Y chromosome show hybridization to uncloned Bkm in situ.     

Mode of uptake of insoluble solid substrates by microorganisms. II: Uptake of solid n-alkanes by yeast and bacterial species

Using two species of yeast and one of bacterium, evidence has ben obtained which indicates that the microbial uptake of solid alkane powders occurs primarily through a substrate solubilization mechanism. EDTA, a strong inhibitor of hydrocarbon solubilization by the cells, inhibited the growth of these organisms on alkane powder; the inhibition could be removed vai a supply of artificially solubilized alkane. One of the yeast strians, which was a mutant incapable of growing on solid alkane powder and liquid alkane, could grow very well on artifically solubilized alkanes. It was demonstrated that the solid alkane solubilization rate during microbial growth could satisfactorily account for the maximal alkane uptake rate actully observed during growth. The specificity of solubilization for the solid alkane used as the growth substrate was demonstrated.     

Population biology of Avena

Summary Surveys for polymorphisms in natural populations of A. barbata sampled in California grasslands had provided evidence for widespread monomorphism and rather localized polymorphic areas in the north coastal and San Francisco regions, based on a set of morphological and isoenzymatic marker loci. Since this species, like many other annuals, was introduced from the Mediterranean region during the Spanish mission period, a comparative study of the Canadian-Welsh collections of Avena species from the Mediterranean region was undertaken using various plant characters and starch gel electrophoresis to analyze variants for esterase, phosphatase and peroxidase systems. A total of 96 samples including 73 of A. barbata and 23 of A. hirtula were studied and the results were scored to compute the polymorphism indices. In both species, only 10 to 15 percent sites showed any significant degree of polymorphism of which a majority seemed to originate from localized regions in Italy and Turkey; a part of this observed lack of within-sample variation might be the result of small sample size. In general, the patterns of variation in A. barbata from the California surveys and the present analyses seemed to be very similar and raised some interesting questions on (a) the colonizing history of introduced materials (b) the factors underlying such marked patterns of geographical variation, and (c) the current evolutionary changes occurring in these two broad, disjunct areas of species distribution.

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Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen der Polymorphismen in natürlichen Populationen von A. barbata im kalifornischen Weideland hatten einerseits zum Nachweis eines weit verbreiteten Monomorphismus und andererseits streng lokalisierter polymorpher Bereiche in der nördlichen Küsten- und San Francisco-Region geführt, wobei eine Anzahl morphologischer und isoenzymatischer Markerloci zugrunde gelegt wurde. Da diese Art, wie viele andere Annuelle auch, während der spanischen Missionsperiode aus der Mittelmeerregion eingeführt wurde, wurde eine vergleichende Untersuchung der Canadian-Welsh-Sammlungen von Avena-Arten aus der Mittelmeerregion anhand verschiedener Merkmale der Pflanzen und der Stärkegelelektrophorese-Untersuchung auf Esterase-, Phosphatase- und Peroxydase-Systeme durchgeführt. Es wurde eine Gesamtheit von 96 Stichproben, bestehend aus 73 A. barbata und 23 A. hirtula, untersucht und die Ergebnisse zur Berechnung von Polymorphismus-Indices verwendet. In beiden Arten zeigten nur 10 bis 15% der Herkünfte einen signifikanten Polymorphismusgrad. Von ihnen scheint die Mehrzahl von lokalisierten Regionen in Italien und Griechenland abzustammen. Ein Teil des beobachteten Fehlens einer Variation innerhalb der Stichproben könnte eine Folge des geringen Stichprobenumfangs sein. Im allgemeinen scheinen die Variationsmuster der kalifornischen Untersuchungen und die der vorliegenden Analysen von A. barbata sehr ähnlich zu sein. Das führt zu einigen interessanten Fragen nach a) der Besiedelungsgeschichte des eingeführten Materials, b) den Faktoren, die derart auffallenden Mustern der geographischen Variation unterliegen und c) den laufenden evolutionären Änderungen, die in diesen beiden großen, voneinander getrennten Gebieten der Artverteilung auftreten.

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This work was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation (GB 8627).     

Effect of certain inorganic chemicals on growth and spore germination of Alternaria tenuis auct., the fungus causing core rot of mandarin oranges in India

Summary Laboratory studies to determine the tolerance of an isolate ofAlternaria tenuis causing a black core rot of mandarin oranges (Citrus reticulata) have shown that presence of low amounts of manganese, zinc, iron, copper, boron, and molybdenum in a synthetic medium stimulated growth and sporulation of the fungus. Concentrations of 20 ppm or more of copper sulphate, boric acid, and ammonium molybdate, however, caused significant reduction of growth. Conidia of the fungus were very sensitive to even low amounts of copper, zinc, and iron. Copper sulphate was most toxic to spore germination followed, in order of inhibitory effect, by zinc sulphate, ferrous sulphate, and boric acid. Ammonium molybdate and manganese sulphate were stimulatory to spore germination at 5 ppm. There was a positive correlation between percentage of spore germination and average length of germ tubes in different concentrations of various chemicals. The possibility of using copper sulphate, zinc sulphate, and ferrous sulphate as spray materials for trees and as dip for ripe fruits to prevent black core rot are discussed.Assoc. Professor and Research Assistant, respectively. Publication under journal series No. 27 from Experiment Station, U.P. Agricultural University.     

Virucidal Effect of Transient Electric Arcs in Aqueous Systems

Bacterial and animal viruses were inactivated by high voltage electrical discharges in water. The sensitivity of phages to the immediate component of this effect was correlated to the sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. Transient electrical arcs in weak electrolytes also generated chemical compounds which were virucidal against phages T3, T5, and varphiX174 but were only slightly virucidal against phages T2 and T4.