D-氨基酸在细菌生理中的结构性能和调节功能的研究进展

除最小的甘氨酸外,所有的氨基酸(amino acid,AA)都有手性,以D-氨基酸(DAA)或L-氨基酸(LAA)形式存在。DAA广泛存在于各类生物中,尤其是细菌。DAA虽没有参与蛋白质合成,但DAA尤其是非典型DAA在细菌生理中具有很多特殊功能。在结构性能方面,DAA是细菌细胞壁肽聚糖的重要组分,并参与组成某些非核糖体合成途径产生的生物多肽,少数细菌能产生含有D-Glu的γ-聚谷氨酸。对细胞个体而言,DAA能调节细菌表面电荷和自溶素活性,抑制细菌芽胞萌发,调节稳定期细胞壁的重塑及调节病原菌的毒力等。对细菌群落而言,DAA对生物膜的解聚和细菌生态也具有调控作用。此外,某些DAA还能直接作为营养支持某些细菌的生长,而有的DAA则具有抑菌作用。本文主要综述了DAA在细菌生理过程中发挥多项功能的研究进展。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病的红细胞膜GPA基因表达

为了研究Ⅱ型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者红细胞膜血型糖蛋白Ａ（ＧＰＡ）的基因表达,采用不连续聚蔗糖（Ｐｅｒｃｏｌ）密度梯度法分离１５名正常人和２５例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者外周血的网织红细胞,提取其总ＲＮＡ,继以Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ斑点杂交观测此两组的红细胞膜ＧＰＡ基因的表达水平．采用碱性磷酸酶酶联免疫检测完成红细胞膜ＧＰ的Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹．结果表明,ＮＩＤＤＭ患者组红细胞膜ＧＰＡ的ｍＲＮＡ含量较正常人组显著增加（分别为１１．９２±１０．５和１０．１８±１．０８积分光密度,Ｐ＜０．０１）．免疫印迹图谱显示,有６例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者的区带３ａ、３ｂ界限模糊,３例的区带３ａ、３ｂ和４明显浅染．推测ＮＩＤＤＭ患者红细胞膜ＧＰＡ减少可能引起其基因表达呈代偿性增强,而障碍或许出现在翻译环节上,这些与ＮＩＤＤＭ患者红细胞变形能力（ＲＣＤ）的明显降低甚为相符．     

Indicative value ofPediastrum and other coccal green algae in palaeoecology

Sporopollenin layers in the cell wall of coccal green algae are responsible for the resistance of cell walls to destructive processes during fossilization as well as during chemical preparation of samples for pollen-analysis. Pollen slides of samples from limnic sediments thus also contain some algal cell walls. Although some pollen-analysts tried to stress this fact, the finds of algae in pollen slides have not been paid systematic attention yet, despite their potential use for a more accurate palaeoecological reconstruction. The article summarizes the results of palaeoecological studies showing how the algae can be used in palaeoecological reconstruction of past environments. The possibility of utilizing the indicative value of algal finds is demonstrated on examples of algal communities from fossil, subrecent and recent sediments from different longitudes, latitudes, and altitudes. The identification and indicative values of species and varieties ofPediastrum are included in a special review (Komárek &; Jankovská, Biblioth. Phycol., in press). The contemporary knowledge of ecological requirements of the given taxa, completed by information from their fossil finds, makes possible the reconstruction of trophic and temperature conditions and of the purity of the water environment of the past water biotopes.     

混交林和纯竹林与毛竹害螨爆发成灾关系研究

报道在福建省6个不同生态区域内检查10对纯竹林与混交林受南京裂爪螨(Schizotetranychus nanjingensis)、竹缺爪螨(Aponychus corpuzae)、竹刺瘿螨(Aculus bambusae)对毛竹危害情况．结果表明,纯竹林受螨害重,危害指数达22．1％～44．7％,平均35％．混交林受害轻,危害指数为2．7％～28．6％,平均17．5％,混交林与纯竹林之间受害程度经t-测验表明均达到极显著差异．6个样地中纯竹林害螨总量高于其相对的混交林。分别达67．74％、152．47％、299．5％、857．75％、331．67％、26．55％。平均为289．28％;调查混交林天敌竹盲走螨(Typhlodromus bambusae)总量分别比相对纯竹林高95．45％、-18．13％、207．69％、837．5％、190．3％,平均262．5％．纯竹林中益、害螨比例分别达1：27、1：21、1：233、1：282、1：27,平均1：118,而其相对的混交林益、害螨比例为1：12、1：12、1：30、1：3、1：3、1：20,平均1：13．由此可见,纯竹林受螨害程度、害螨总量平均是混交林的2倍,而天敌数量少于相对混交林的2～3倍,益、害螨比例显著低于混交林(t=2．975,P=0．003)．本项研究揭示了由于受人为干扰(集约化管理、劈草、垦复)破坏了毛竹林原有的益螨-害螨-寄主植物之间相对稳定的平衡。导致毛竹害螨种群突发性增长,证明了纯竹林是诱发毛竹害螨爆发成灾成因的重要因素之一。     

Heterocyclic ketones as inhibitors of histone deacetylase

Several heterocyclic ketones were investigated as potential inhibitors of histone deacetylase. Nanomolar inhibitors such as 22 and 25 were obtained, the anti-proliferative activity of which were shown to be mediated by HDAC inhibition.     

氨氧化古菌的生态学研究进展

上百年来细菌一直被认为是地球氨氧化过程的主要驱动者,2005年海洋中分离到迄今唯一的非极端环境泉古菌,发现其氧化氨态氮获得能源生长,是氨氧化古菌。氨氧化古菌和细菌对地球氨氧化过程的相对贡献率,是目前全球氮循环研究最重要的微生物生态学问题之一。已有的证据表明古菌在海洋氨氧化过程中发挥了重要作用,细菌则是土壤氨氧化过程的主要驱动者。本文重点探讨了原位自然环境下氨氧化古菌的生态学研究进展。     

生物破乳剂产生菌的筛选及其方法研究

针对生物破乳剂产生菌筛选难的问题, 采用显色法、溶血细胞测试法、表面张力测定法和排油圈法从6种不同菌源对生物破乳菌产生菌进行了筛选。通过试验筛选得到了17株生物破乳剂产生菌, 其中24h内破乳率高于70%的破乳菌有5株; 油田含油污泥、采油废水生物处理污泥和污水处理厂剩余污泥是筛选破乳菌的较好的菌源; 显色法、溶血圈法存在检测范围的局限性; 表面张力测定法和排油圈法是最为简易和准确的生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选方法, 采用模型乳状液对生物破乳剂产生菌进行筛选最为直接和准确, 但工作量大、所需时间长, 因此在筛选高效破乳菌时, 建议采用表面张力、排油圈法进行初筛, 而后通过模型乳状液破乳进行验证。     

甜菜碱对NaCl胁迫下小麦细胞保护酶活性的影响

本文以小麦为材料,研究甜菜碱对ＮａＣｌ胁迫下小麦幼苗细胞保护酶系统的影响。结果表明,外源甜菜碱能够提高ＮａＣｌ胁迫下小麦幼苗超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶等细胞保护酶的活性,抑制过氧化作用产物丙二醛的积累,降低叶片质膜透性和盐害对细胞膜的伤害。所有这些变化都有利于提高ＮａＣｌ胁迫下小麦幼苗细胞膜的稳定性、完整性和对ＮａＣｌ胁迫的适应性     

长效促胰岛素降糖酵母的构建及其对糖尿病模型小鼠的治疗效果

益生菌生物药物是指通过口服表达药用多肽(蛋白)的重组益生菌活细胞达到治疗疾病的新型口服给药系统。为了构建一种能有效防治2型糖尿病的酵母生物药物,文章首先构建了酿酒酵母(S.cerevisiae)整合型表达载体pNK1-PGK,并且通过绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)证明其表达功能正常,利用该载体将10×GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1)基因转化到酿酒酵母INVSc1中,通过营养缺陷型和Western blotting成功筛选出表达10×GLP-1的长效促胰岛素降糖酵母(Long-acting GLP-1 hypoglycemic yeast, LHY)。该酵母生长迅速,外源基因10×GLP-1表达稳定,表达量达到1.56 mg/g细胞湿重。通过链脲佐菌素和高脂高糖饮食联合诱导的方法构建了2型糖尿病小鼠模型,用LHY对其进行口服灌胃治疗,证明LHY具有较好疗效,明显降低血糖水平。     

Solid cultures of thrips-pathogenic fungi Isaria javanica strains for enhanced conidial productivity and thermotolerance

Entomopathogenic fungi have great potential to control agricultural and horticultural insect pests, however optimizing conidial production systems to demonstrate high productivity and stability still needs additional efforts for successful field application and industrialization. Although many virulent entomopathogenic fungal isolates have been viewed as potential candidates in a laboratory environment, very few of the isolates are being used in practice for application in agricultural fields as commercial products. I. javanicus is an entomopathogenic fungus that is parasitic to various diverse coleopteran and lepidopteran insects and thought good candidate as biopesticdes. In this work, the basic characteristics of two entomopathogenic fungi, I. javanica FG340 and Pf04, were investigated in morphological examinations, genetic identification, and virulence against Thrips palmi, and then the feasibility of various grains substrates for conidial production was assessed, particularly focusing on conidial productivity and thermotolerance. Isaria javanica FG340 and Pf04 conidia were solid-cultured on 12 grains for 14?days in a Petri dish. Of the tested Italian millet, perilla seed, millet and barley-based cultures showed high conidial production. The four-grain media yielded >1?×?10⁹ conidia/g of I. javanica FG340 and Pf04. Pf04 strain had enhanced thermotolerance up to 45?°C when cultured on Italian millet. In application, it was easy to make a conidial suspension using the cultured grains, and several surfactants were tested to release the conidia. This work suggests several possible inexpensive grain substrates by which to promote conidial production combined with enhanced stability against exposure to high temperature.