Anticancer drugs cause release of exosomes with heat shock proteins from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells that elicit effective natural killer cell antitumor responses in vitro

Failure of immune surveillance related to inadequate host antitumor immune responses has been suggested as a possible cause of the high incidence of recurrence and poor overall survival outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma. The stress-induced heat shock proteins (HSPs) are known to act as endogenous "danger signals" that can improve tumor immunogenicity and induce natural killer (NK) cell responses. Exosome is a novel secretory pathway for HSPs. In our experiments, the immune regulatory effect of the HSP-bearing exosomes secreted by human hepatocellular carcinoma cells under stress conditions on NK cells was studied. ELISA results showed that the production of HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 was up-regulated in both cell lines in a stress-specific manner. After exposure to hepatocellular carcinoma cell-resistant or sensitive anticancer drugs (hereafter referred to as "resistant" or "sensitive" anticancer drug), the membrane microvesicles were actively released by hepatocellular carcinoma cells, differing in their ability to present HSPs on the cell surface, which were characterized as exosomes. Acting as a decoy, the HSP-bearing exosomes efficiently stimulated NK cell cytotoxicity and granzyme B production, up-regulated the expression of inhibitory receptor CD94, and down-regulated the expression of activating receptors CD69, NKG2D, and NKp44. Notably, resistant anticancer drugs enhanced exosome release and generated more exosome-carried HSPs, which augmented the activation of the cytotoxic response. In summary, our findings demonstrated that exosomes derived from resistant anticancer drug-treated HepG2 cells conferred superior immunogenicity in inducing HSP-specific NK cell responses, which provided a clue for finding an efficient vaccine for hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy.     

丹桂和籽银桂花芽分化的研究

采用石蜡切片技术, 对不育的丹桂(Osmanthus fragrans ‘Dangui’ )和可育的籽银桂(Osmanthus fragrans ‘Ziyingui’)花芽分化的过程进行了研究。结果表明, 桂花(Osmanthus fragrans Lour.)花芽形态分化可分为花芽分化初始期、总苞分化期、花原基分化期、顶花花被分化期、雄蕊分化期和雌蕊分化期6个阶段。雄蕊的发育在丹桂和籽银桂之间基本没有区别, 都能形成完整的花粉囊和成熟的花粉粒。但是, 雌蕊的发育在可育的籽银桂与不育的丹桂之间存在明显差异。根据花芽分化的过程证明, 丹桂的不育是由于雌蕊发育不正常导致的。     

Dianyuea gen. nov. (Salicaceae: Scyphostegioideae) from southwestern China

Dianyuea C. Shang, S. Liao & Z. X. Zhang, a new monotypic genus of Salicaceae based on Flacourtia turbinata H. J. Dong & H. Peng, is described and illustrated. Morphologically, Dianyuea differs from Flacourtia Comm. ex L'Hér. by having six connate stamens, basal placentation and lobed seed appendages. All those features indicate that Dianyuea is allied with Scyphostegia Stapf. A molecular phylogenetic analysis using plastid trnL‐F, matK, and rbcL sequence data for representatives of 16 genera in Salicaceae s.l. shows that Dianyuea is sister to Scyphostegia. The new combination Dianyuea turbinata (H. J. Dong & H. Peng) C. Shang, S. Liao & Z. X. Zhang is proposed.     

分子生物学技术在热泉地质微生物学研究中的应用

陆地热泉是一类典型的极端生命-环境互作的地质系统,是我们认识生命与环境协同演化的天然实验室。然而,受限于有限的研究手段,热泉中仍存在大量未解密的微生物"暗物质"。这种困境随着技术的革新得到了改善,尤其是近几年来基于组学、探针和同位素标记的多元化检测手段在嗜热微生物多样性的挖掘、新物种和新代谢途径的发现以及嗜热微生物对元素地球化学循环的调控和响应等方面取得了一系列令人瞩目的研究成果,使得热泉极端微生物和地质环境内在联系的研究也成为地质微生物学研究的热点。立足于前人研究成果,本文将简述常用于热泉地质微生物学研究的分子生物学手段的发展,重点总结其在挖掘热泉微生物多样性和热泉微生物的环境功能研究中的应用及进展,最后对未来研究方向提出展望。     

从抗体阳性的甲型肝炎接触者粪便中分离出一株甲型肝炎病毒

几年来,国内外已相继用组织培养法分离多株甲型肝炎病毒(HAV),并已证实了甲型肝炎患者及亚临床型感染在传染本病中的重要性。但HAV在流行点的正常人群中存在短期携带的问题还尚未见报道。本文采用人胚肺二倍体细胞(2BS)从甲型肝炎接触者粪便中分离出一株HAV,并经免疫电镜、免疫荧光及参比血清鉴定等证实。现将结果报告如下。     

PERV在猪外周血白细胞DNA和组织mRNA中的表达及其差异性分析

为了解我国家猪猪内源性逆转录病毒(PERV)生物学的基本特征,为评价应用猪器官、组织、细胞进行猪一人间跨种移植的生物安全性提供理论基础。本文采用PCR方法调查12个家猪品系外周血白细胞DNA基因组PERV的生物学特征,并应用SS-SSCP、RFLP-PCR方法分析PERV基因片段的差异性及采用RT-PCR方法和半定量方法分析2个品系小型猪13种组织PERV表达的差异。结果表明12个品系猪外周血白细胞DNA基因组普遍存在PERV-A、-B基因序列,未发现单链构象多态性;部分品系猪PER Venv基因序列片段存在限制性片段长度多态性。分析2个品系13种组织均表达PERV-A、-B、-C,肾、淋巴结、肝为高表达器官,胰腺和脑组织为低表达器官,PERV-C mRNA丰度明显低于PERV-A、-B mRNA。PERV env存在限制性片段长度多态性、PERV-A存在碱基缺失和错配的现象,有可能在猪异种移植中构成PERV感染的潜在危险性,这是在猪异种移植过程中值得高度关注的问题。     

Molecular and Clinical Characteristics of Clonal Complex 59 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Mainland China

Detailed molecular analyses of Clonal Complex 59 (CC59) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from children in seven major cities across Mainland China were examined. A total of 110 CC59 isolates from invasive and non-invasive diseases were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Antibiotics susceptibilities, carriage of plasmids and 42 virulence genes and the expression of virulence factors were examined. ST59 (101/110, 91.8%) was the predominant sequence type (ST), while single locus variants (SLVs) belonging to ST338 (8/110, 7.3%) and ST375 (1/110, 0.9%) were obtained. Three SCCmec types were found, namely type III (2.7%), type IV (74.5%) and type V (22.7%). Seven spa types including t437, which accounted for 87.3%, were determined. Thirteen PFGE types were obtained. PFGE types A and B were the major types totally accounting for 81.8%. The dominant clone was ST59-t437-IVa (65.5%), followed by ST59-t437-V (14.5%). The positive rate of luks-PV and lukF-PV PVL encoding (pvl) gene was 55.5%. Plasmids were detected in 83.6% (92/110) of the strains. The plasmid size ranging from 23.4 kb to 50 kb was most prevalent which accounted for 83.7% (77/92). A significantly lower expression of hla was found in ST59-t437-IVa compared with ST59-t437-V. Among the 110 cases, 61.8% of the patients were less than 1 year old. A total of 90 cases (81.8%) were community-associated (CA) infections whereas 20 cases (18.2%) were hospital-associated (HA) infections. Out of the 110 patients, 36.4% (40/110) were diagnosed with invasive infectious diseases in which ST59-t437-IVa accounted for 67.5% (27/40). In brief, ST59-t437-IVa was proved as the dominant clone in CC59 MRSA strains. The carriage rate of pvl gene was high. CC59 MRSA could result in CA and HA infections. The majortiy of MRSA infection children were in young age.     

低浓度双氢哇巴因对豚鼠心室肌细胞内游离钙浓度的影响

用激光共聚焦显微镜检查研究低浓度双氢哇巴因（DHO）对豚鼠心室肌细胞内钙浓度（[Ca^2 ]i)的影响。DHO 1fmol/L-1 mmol/L可增加心室肌细胞的[Ca^2 ]i,尤其以10pmol/L DHO为显著,Nisoldipine,EGTA或TTX可分别部分抑制10pmol/L DHO的作用,去除胞外K^ 和Na^ 后,上述作用仍存在,以上结果表明,低浓度DHO中通过激活钙通道和TTX敏感的钠通道,或许还可直接促进胞内钙释放来增加[Ca^2 ]i,并有不依赖Na^ /K^ 泵而升高[Ca^2 ]i的作用。     

Antitumor mechanism of Se-containing polysaccharide, a novel organic selenium compound

Recent studies on the inhibition of tumor growth by Se-containing polysaccharide were reviewed. Meanwhile, the possible molecular mechanisms of the inhibition of tumor cell growth through antioxidation, induction of tumor cell apoptosis, blockade of cell cycle, and enhancement of immunity by Se-containing polysaccharide were proposed. In the end, the potential application of Se-containing polysaccharide in the prevention and treatment of tumor was elucidated.     

植物钙/钙调素介导的信号转导系统

钙离子(Ca²⁺)是一种重要的第二信使, 参与调节植物的生长发育和对环境的适应。钙调素(CaM)和类钙调蛋白(CML)是一类最主要的Ca²⁺感受器, 虽然其自身没有催化活性, 但可通过调节下游靶蛋白的活性, 进而调控细胞的各种生理活动。该文总结了植物体内CaM结合蛋白(CBP)的生理功能、鉴定方法和调控机理, 以及CaM介导的信号转导途径, 包括蛋白磷酸化与去磷酸化、基因转录、离子运输、活性氧代谢、激素和磷脂信号等, 并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。