山东植物区系中的特有现象

对山东植物区系中的特有现象进行了初步研究。全省共有５３个特有种,可分为４种分布式样即全省布型、鲁中南－山东半岛间断分布型、鲁中南山地分布和山东半岛分布型;提出了山东植物区的两个特有现象中心,即崂山昆嵛山中心和泰山蒙山中心,并初步探讨了其形成原因。     

Risks of Avian Influenza Transmission in Areas of Intensive Free-Ranging Duck Production with Wild Waterfowl

For decades, southern China has been considered to be an important source for emerging influenza viruses since key hosts live together in high densities in areas with intensive agriculture. However, the underlying conditions of emergence and spread of avian influenza viruses (AIV) have not been studied in detail, particularly the complex spatiotemporal interplay of viral transmission between wild and domestic ducks, two major actors of AIV epidemiology. In this synthesis, we examine the risks of avian influenza spread in Poyang Lake, an area of intensive free-ranging duck production and large numbers of wild waterfowl. Our synthesis shows that farming of free-grazing domestic ducks is intensive in this area and synchronized with wild duck migration. The presence of juvenile domestic ducks in harvested paddy fields prior to the arrival and departure of migrant ducks in the same fields may amplify the risk of AIV circulation and facilitate the transmission between wild and domestic populations. We provide evidence associating wild ducks migration with the spread of H5N1 in the spring of 2008 from southern China to South Korea, Russia, and Japan, supported by documented wild duck movements and phylogenetic analyses of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 sequences. We suggest that prevention measures based on a modification of agricultural practices may be implemented in these areas to reduce the intensity of AIV transmission between wild and domestic ducks. This would require involving all local stakeholders to discuss feasible and acceptable solutions.     

中枢神经系统内神经元信号处理(英文)

一种新颖的轴突断端(axon bleb)膜片钳记录方法大力促进了中枢神经系统轴突功能的研究。我们的工作应用这一方法揭示了大脑皮层锥体神经元的数码信号(具全或无特性的动作电位)的爆发和传播机制。在轴突始段(axon initial segment,AIS)远端高密度聚集的低阈值Na+通道亚型Nav1.6决定动作电位的爆发;而在AIS近端高密度聚集的高阈值Na+通道亚型Nav1.2促进动作电位向胞体和树突的反向传播。应用胞体和轴突的同时记录,我们发现胞体阈下膜电位的变化可以在轴突上传播较长的距离并可到达那些离胞体较近的突触前终末。进一步的研究证明了胞体膜电位的变化调控动作电位触发的突触传递,该膜电位依赖的突触传递是一种模拟式的信号传递。轴突上一类特殊K+通道(Kv1)的活动调制动作电位的波形,特别是其波宽,从而调控各种突触前膜电位水平下突触强度的变化。突触前终末的背景Ca2+浓度也可能参与模拟信号的传递。这些发现深化了我们对中枢神经系统内神经信号处理基本原理的认识,进而帮助我们理解脑如何工作。     

Blockade of L-type voltage-gated Ca channel inhibits ischemia-induced neurogenesis by down-regulating iNOS expression in adult mouse

Neurogenesis in the adult mammalian hippocampus may contribute to repairing the brain after injury. The signals that regulate neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus following ischemic stroke insult are not well known. We have previously reported that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression is necessary for ischemia-stimulated neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Here, we show that mice subjected to 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) significantly increased the number of new neurons and up-regulated iNOS expression in the dentate gyrus. Blockade of the L-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel (L-VGCC) prevented neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone (SVZ), and down-regulated iNOS expression in the dentate gyrus after cerebral ischemia. This study suggests that Ca(2+) influx through L-VGCC is involved in ischemia-induced neurogenesis by up-regulating iNOS expression.     

分离自冬虫夏草可培养真菌的多样性研究

冬虫夏草是生长于青藏高原的一种名贵中药材。天然冬虫夏草及其微环境中生活着多种真菌。作者使用常规分离培养方法对冬虫夏草的真菌区系进行研究。从天然冬虫夏草的子座、菌核和菌膜3个部位共分离到572个真菌菌株,并根据形态特征将大部分菌株鉴定到37个不同的属。这些菌株经SSCP(single-strand conformation polymorphism)分析后,再根据nrDNAITS序列的相似性(以97%为阈值)共区分出92种不同的分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU)。其中,属于子囊菌的菌株数及OTU数均比接合菌和担子菌多。从菌膜分离的菌株数及OTU数都明显多于子座和菌核。分离自子座的优势真菌是产黄青霉Penicillium chrysogenum,而分离自菌核和菌膜的优势真菌均为玫红假裸囊菌Pseudogymnoascus roseus。尚未最终鉴定的部分真菌可能为新的真菌物种。     

基于核糖体基因的鳞钙皮菌种内分子关系分析

为探讨不同地域的鳞钙皮菌Didymium squamulosum种内分子亲缘关系,通过PCR扩增鳞钙皮菌子实体及原质团DNA,得到SSU、ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA基因区域,并以SSU、5.8S rRNA基因片段构建NJ亲缘关系树。     

Further Daphniphyllum Alkaloids with Insecticidal Activity from the Bark of Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq.

Two new Daphniphyllum alkaloids, macropodumines J and K ( 1 and 2 , resp.), together with six known structurally related alkaloids, 3 – 8 , were isolated from the bark of Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq . The structures of the new compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of their spectroscopic and chemical data. Macropodumine J ( 1 ) contains a CN group which is relatively rare in naturally occurring alkaloids. All isolated compounds were tested for their insecticidal activities against a number of insect species. Daphtenidine C ( 5 ) is the most active compound against Plutella xylostella. This is the first report of insecticidal properties of Daphniphyllum alkaloids.     

Molecular epidemiology of scrub typhus in Taiwan during 2006–2016

Scrub typhus is the most common endemic vector-borne disease in Taiwan. We identified a total of 4,857 laboratory-confirmed cases during 2006–2016 with hyperendemic foci on offshore islands, including Penghu (778 cases, 16.0%) and Kinmen (716 cases, 14.7%), and eastern Taiwan, including Taitung (628 cases, 12.9%) and Hualien (508 cases, 10.5%). Scrub typhus cases occur year-round throughout Taiwan, with a summer peak in June and July. A total of 545 O. tsutsugamushi isolates were successfully obtained from patients infected in diverse geographic areas, including Taiwan and three offshore islands, and the complete open reading frame of the 56 kDa type-specific antigen gene (tsa56) sequence of these isolates was examined. High phylogenetic diversity was found in these isolates, which could be grouped into 36 distinct sequence types. Most isolates belonged to the Karp (49.9%; 272/545), followed by the TW-22 (17.8%; 97/454) and Kawasaki (14.7%; 80/545) genotypes. In conclusion, our data indicate the widespread presence of tsa56 genotypes closely related to Thailand and Korean strains and the presence of the unique endemic strains TW-12, TW-22, TW-29, and TW-36 in Taiwan.