Utilization of sugars by the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) maintained on chemically defined diets

The utilization of carbohydrates by the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), was studied by feeding the nymphs on chemically defined diets and recording the effects of the various sugars on growth, development, survival, and reproduction. The carbohydrate utilization by the early nymphal stages was largely similar to that observed for later ones. The results showed that some dietary carbohydrate is necessary for maintaining O. fasciatus on chemical diets. Arabinose and rhamnose were of poor value, but the insect was able to utilize glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, lactose, turanose, melibiose, raffinose, and melezitose. The degree of utilization for each sugar, however, differed. Glucose promoted best growth and development among monosaccharides, sucrose among disaccharides, and melezitose among trisaccharides. The optimum level of sugar in the diet was around 4%, and a higher or lower concentration (2, 8, 12%) usually reduced growth. Viable eggs were obtained on some of the diets.

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Résumé La valeur nutritive de plusieurs glucides pour la punaise de l'asclépiade, Oncopeltus fasciatus, a été déterminée en élevant des larves sur des régimes nutritifs de composition chimique connue. Les effets des sucres sur la croissance, le développement, la longévité et la reproduction ont été établis, et ces effets apparaissent semblables chez les très jeunes larves de même que chez les larves plus âgées. Les résultats indiquent que la présence d'un sucre dans le régime nutritif est indispensable pour la survie de l'insecte. Cependant certains sucres, tels que l'arabinose ou le rhamnose n'ont que peu ou pas de valeur nutritive, tandis que d'autres (glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, tréhalose, lactose, turanose, mélibiose, raffinose et mélézitose) ont une valeur nutritive variant de faible à élevée. Les sucres qui ont donné les meilleurs résultats sont le glucose, le sucrose, et le mélézitose. La concentration glucidique optimale dans le régime se situe à 4% et une concentration moindre (2%) ou plus élevée (8 ou 12%) ralentit généralement la croissance. Les larves sur certains régimes se sont développées jusqu'au stade adulte et des ufs fertiles ont été pondus.

     

Reduced LINE-1 methylation is associated with arsenic-induced genotoxic stress in children

Early life exposure to arsenic has profound effect towards development of arsenic induced toxic outcomes. Some districts in the state of West Bengal, India are highly affected by arsenic, mainly through ground water. In children, not much of the toxic outcomes like dermatological lesions are observed but it is thought that the exposure leads to transient alteration in their biological processes that leads to various deleterious health effects later on. We evaluated the global methylation status by analyzing the LINE-1 methylation profile in children from arsenic exposed region between the age group 5–15 years along with the cytogenetic stress induced by arsenic as measured by lymphocyte micronucleus (MN) frequency. A total of 52 arsenic exposed and 32 unexposed children were analyzed. Whole blood DNA was used to measure the LINE-1 methylation by qRT-MSP. We found a significant association of MN-frequency in exposed individuals with highly depleted LINE-1 methylation compared to the exposed individuals with near baseline (which was comparable to unexposed control) methylation index as well as with those with the hypermethylated LINE-1 promoters. From our results, we interpret that LINE-1 methylation index may serve as a potent global epigenetic mark to detect the degree of arsenic genotoxicity at a very early age. We propose that this may be utilized to determine the extent of toxic influence exerted by arsenic, from a very early age.     

Regulation of mRNA export by nutritional status in fission yeast.

We have isolated a mutation in nup184(nup184-1) that is synthetically lethal with the mRNA export defective rae1-167 mutation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The consequence of the synthetic lethality is a defect in mRNA export. The predicted Nup184p is similar to Nup188p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and a Nup184p-GFP fusion localizes to the nuclear periphery in a punctate pattern. The Deltanup184 null mutant is viable and also is synthetically lethal with rae1-167. In a rae1(+) background, both the nup184-1 and Deltanup184 mutations confer sensitivity to growth in nutrient-rich medium (YES) that is accompanied by nuclear poly(A)+ RNA accumulation. Removal of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, Pka1p, relieved the growth and mRNA export defects of nup184 mutants when grown in nutrient-rich medium. The activation of Pka1p is necessary, but not sufficient, to cause the severe poly(A)+ RNA export defects when nup184 mutant cells are incubated in YES, suggesting nutritional status can also regulate poly(A)+ RNA export. Our results suggest that the regulation of poly(A)+ RNA export by Pka1p kinase appears to be indirect, via a translation-dependent step, but post-translationally in response to YES.     

In vitro regeneration of a mature leguminous liana (Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arnott)

An in vitro propagation protocol has been developed from mature lianas of Bauhinia valii. Browning was the major obstacle in the establishment of cultures. Explants collected during the growing season (April–June) showed maximum browning; however, browning was minimal during the dormant phase. This problem was circumvented by soaking the sterilized explants in a solution of antioxidant (50 mg l^–1 ascorbic acid+75 mg l^–1 citric acid). The explants were thereafter transferred to culture room conditions after an initial incubation in the dark at 4 °C for 48 h. Shoot proliferation (58%), shoot number (4.5) and shoot length (35 mm) was best in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.5 μM kinetin + 100 mg l^–1 adenine sulfate. Seasonal fluctuations significantly affected the proliferation potential of the explants. March– April was found to be the best season for shoot initiation. Microshoots were rooted on a half-strength, growth regulator-free, agar-gelled Murashige and Skoog medium after a dip in half-strength MS liquid medium containing 1-naph-thaleneacetic acid + indole-3-butyric acid (10 μM). Rooted plantlets were potted and acclimatized under culture room conditions for 4 weeks before transfer to a polyhouse. Received: 9 March 1998 / Revision received: 14 August 1998 / Accepted: 23 September 1998     

Discovery of 7-(3-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-amine derivatives as highly potent and selective PI3Kδ inhibitors

As demonstrated in preclinical animal models, the disruption of PI3Kδ expression or its activity leads to a decrease in inflammatory and immune responses. Therefore, inhibition of PI3Kδ may provide an alternative treatment for autoimmune diseases, such as RA, SLE, and respiratory ailments. Herein, we disclose the identification of 7-(3-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-amine derivatives as highly potent, selective and orally bioavailable PI3Kδ inhibitors. The lead compound demonstrated efficacy in an in vivo mouse KLH model.     

Electron transfer. Part 166 . Reactions of Ti(II)(aq) with oxidants having strongly positive potentials

Titanium(II) solutions, prepared by dissolving titanium metal in triflic acid+HF, react readily with chelated complexes of Ag(III), nickel(IV) and copper(III). Reactions with excess Ti(II) yield Ti(III) and are strongly catalyzed by added Ti(IV), but stoichiometry is unaffected. Rapid reactions of Ti(II) with nonchelated oxidants, VO²⁺, and do not exhibit catalysis by Ti(IV). Reductions by Ti(III) are unaffected by Ti(IV). The Ag(III)-Ti(II) reaction, as catalyzed by Ti(IV), is subject to kinetic saturation with an association quotient 4 × 10² M⁻¹ for the Ti(IV)-activated species. It is proposed that the catalyzed reductions of the Ag(III) and Ni(IV) oxidants are initiated by 1e⁻ steps, but that the initially formed cation pairs undergo geminate follow-up reactions to give the observed stable products.