花椒属植物生物碱研究进展

花椒属植物全世界约有250种,我国约有39种14变种。近年来研究发现花椒属植物生物碱具有多种药理作用与临床功能,现就近20年来花椒属生物碱和花椒生物碱的提取、分离、测定方法以及其药理作用等研究作一综述。     

利用周期分析法预测稻纵卷叶螟的发生程度

根据化州市早稻稻纵卷叶螟CnaphalocrocismedinalisGuenee主害代的历年发生程度资料 ,采用方差分析方法寻找其显著周期 ,并提取其周期数组 ,重复这一过程 ,直到没有显著周期时为止 ,共提取出2个显著周期的周期数组。将这些周期数组外延和叠加后 ,进行拟合检验 ,结果表明 ,周期分析方法适用于拟合并预测化州市稻纵卷叶螟发生的年变化情况。于是对该市早稻稻纵卷叶螟发生程度进行了多年预测 ,其中最初 3年的预测结果已得到证实 ,表明用周期分析方法进行预测是可行的     

The altered activity of complex III may contribute to the high penetrance of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in a Chinese family carrying the ND4 G11778A mutation

The ND4 G11778A mutation is the most common mitochondrial DNA mutation leading to Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Despite considerable clinical evidences, the modifier role of nuclear background and mitochondrial haplotypes in phenotypic manifestation of LHON remains poorly understood. We investigated the effect of these modifiers on bioenergetics in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from five affected subjects of one Chinese family carrying the G11778A mutation and five Chinese controls. Significant reductions in the activities of complexes I and III were observed in mutant cell lines from the Chinese family, whereas the mutant cell lines from other families carrying the same mutation exhibited only reduced activity of complex I. The reduced activities of complexes I and III caused remarkably higher reductions of ATP synthesis in mutant cell lines from the Chinese family than those from other families. The deficient respiration increased generation of reactive oxygen species. The defect in complex III activity, likely resulting from the mitochondrial haplotype or nuclear gene alteration, worsens mitochondrial dysfunction caused by the G11778A mutation, thereby causing extremely high penetrance and expressivity of optic neuropathy in this Chinese family. Our data provide the first experimental evidence that altered activity of complex III modulates the phenotypic manifestation of LHON-associated G11778A mutation. Thus, our findings may provide new insights into the pathophysiology of LHON.     

鄱阳湖水生维管束植物生物量及其合理开发利用的初步建议

用4种不同的计算方法测定了鄱阳湖水生维管束植物的生物量。根据22个断面,199个采集点,398个样方的测定结果,得出鄱阳湖水生维管束植物的年生产量为431.76万吨(湿重),即相当于5.44×10~(-15)焦耳(能量)。其中,马来眼子菜、苦草和黑藻等3种合计约占总生物量的71.46%。全湖可供草食性鱼类食用的水生维管束植物约占总量的86.9%。文中还对4个植物带和9个群丛生物量的分布规律进行了讨论。提出了人工增殖草食性鱼类,调整湖中植被组成,保护和种植水生经济植物等合理开发利用鄱阳湖水生植物资源的初步建议。     

CO2浓度增加对长白山森林土壤甲烷氧化影响

大气CO2浓度升高可能对森林土壤的甲烷(CH4)氧化速率产生影响.本文采用开顶箱技术,对连续6年高浓度CO2(500 μmol·mol-1)处理的长白山森林典型树种蒙古栎树下土壤CH4氧化速率进行研究,并利用CH4氧化菌的16S rRNA特异性引物以及CH4单加氧酶功能基因引物分析了土壤中CH4氧化菌的群落结构与数量.结果表明:CO2浓度增高后,生长季土壤甲烷氧化量与对照和裸地相比分别降低了4％和22％;基于16S rRNA特异性引物的DGGE分析表明,CO2浓度增高导致两类甲烷氧化菌的多样性指数降低;CO2浓度增高对土壤中Ⅰ类甲烷氧化菌数量无显著影响,而使土壤中Ⅱ类甲烷氧化菌数量显著减少,功能基因pmoA拷贝数与对照和裸地相比分别降低了15％和46％.CO2浓度增高导致森林土壤甲烷氧化菌数量与活性降低,土壤含水量的增加可能是导致这一现象的主要原因.     

糖蜜酒精废液厌氧生物降解性能的BMP分析

在中温条件下,对pH值和营养比例两个影响因素进行了糖蜜酒精废液的BMP分析,探讨酒精废液在厌氧消化过程中产甲烷量、COD浓度的变化情况,以及COD去除率与产气量、pH值之间的关系。研究结果表明,厌氧处理法能够使糖蜜酒精废液的有机负荷大大降低,CODcr去除率最高可达90．6％;在调节营养比例的条件下,pH=8．5时甲烷菌活性最佳,其中COD．P=300：1的产甲烷量最高。     

New mechanism of nerve injury in Alzheimer’s disease: β‐amyloid‐induced neuronal pyroptosis

The present study was designed to investigate the role of β‐amyloid (Aβ_1‐42) in inducing neuronal pyroptosis and its mechanism. Mice cortical neurons (MCNs) were used in this study, LPS + Nigericin was used to induce pyroptosis in MCNs (positive control group), and Aβ_1‐42 was used to interfere with MCNs. In addition, propidium iodide (PI) staining was used to examine cell permeability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay was employed to detect cytotoxicity, immunofluorescence (IF) staining was used to investigate the expression level of the key protein GSDMD, Western blot was performed to detect the expression levels of key proteins, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized to determine the expression levels of inflammatory factors in culture medium, including IL‐1β, IL‐18 and TNF‐α. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to silence the mRNA expression of caspase‐1 and GSDMD, and Aβ_1‐42 was used to induce pyroptosis, followed by investigation of the role of caspase‐1‐mediated GSDMD cleavage in pyroptosis. In addition, necrosulfonamide (NSA), an inhibitor of GSDMD oligomerization, was used for pre‐treatment, and Aβ_1‐42 was subsequently used to observe the pyroptosis in MCNs. Finally, AAV9‐siRNA‐caspase‐1 was injected into the tail vein of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice (Alzheimer's disease mice) for caspase‐1 mRNA inhibition, followed by observation of behavioural changes in mice and measurement of the expression of inflammatory factors and pyroptosis‐related protein. As results, Aβ_1‐42 could induce pyroptosis in MCNs, increase cell permeability and enhance LDH release, which were similar to the LPS + Nigericin‐induced pyroptosis. Meanwhile, the expression levels of cellular GSDMD and p30‐GSDMD were up‐regulated, the levels of NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD‐cleaved protein caspase‐1 were up‐regulated, and the levels of inflammatory factors in the medium were also up‐regulated. siRNA intervention in caspase‐1 or GSDMD inhibited Aβ_1‐42‐induced pyroptosis, and NSA pre‐treatment also caused the similar inhibitory effects. The behavioural ability of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice was relieved after the injection of AAV9‐siRNA‐caspase‐1, and the expression of pyroptosis‐related protein in the cortex and hippocampus was down‐regulated. In conclusion, Aβ_1‐42 could induce pyroptosis by GSDMD protein, and NLRP3‐caspase‐1 signalling was an important signal to mediate GSDMD cleavage, which plays an important role in Aβ_1‐42‐induced pyroptosis in neurons. Therefore, GSDMD is expected to be a novel therapeutic target for AD.     

电针对帕金森病模型小鼠黑质铁染色细胞和铁蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨电针防治帕金森病的作用机制。方法采用1-甲基-4-苯基1,2,3,6四氢吡啶腹腔注射建立帕金森病小鼠模型,利用组织化学技术以及免疫组织化学技术观察电针对帕金森病小鼠脑黑质铁染色细胞和铁蛋白表达的影响。结果模型组1周、2周、4周小鼠黑质铁染色阳性细胞的数量较正常组明显增多,染色强度也明显增强（P〈0．001;P〈0．01;P〈0．001）,电针在3个存活期内均可明显减少帕金森病小鼠黑质铁阳性细胞的数量和染色强度（P〈0．001;P〈0．05;P〈0．001）;模型组1周、2周黑质部位铁蛋白的表达与正常组相比都有不同程度下降（P〈0．01;P〈0．001）,而电针组2周帕金森病小鼠黑质铁蛋白的表达与模型组相比显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论电针可以通过降低脑内铁的含量,同时增加铁蛋白的表达,从而提高帕金森病模型小鼠脑抗氧化能力,达到保护黑质多巴胺能神经元的目的。     

Synthesis of cluster mannosides via a Ugi four-component reaction and their inhibition against the binding of yeast mannan to concanavalin A

The Ugi four-component reaction (U-4CR) was utilized to prepare divalent and trivalent cluster mannosides with different scaffolds. The glycoclusters obtained were tested for their relative inhibitory potency against the binding of yeast mannan to concanavalin A by solid-phase enzyme-linked lectin assays (ELLA) using methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside as a standard. Among them, a divalent mannoside containing aromatic groups showed the strongest binding affinity to concanavalin A.     

突触囊泡蛋白在ALS转基因鼠海马的表达变化

目的为了为揭示肌萎缩脊髓侧索硬化症（amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS）认知功能障碍的机制提供依据,观察不同年龄ALS转基因小鼠海马中突触囊泡蛋白（synaptophysin,Syp）的表达情况。方法取95d、108d和122dALS转基因鼠海马,应用免疫荧光、Westernblot、RT-PCR技术检测Syp在海马中的表达变化。结果与同窝野生型鼠比较,Syp蛋白和mRNA表达水平在95d龄ALS转基因鼠海马中无明显变化,在108d与122d龄ALS转基因鼠海马中明显降低。结论Syp在ALS转基因鼠海马中表达减少表明,突触可塑性降低是ALS学习记忆能力下降的重要病理学基础。