Improved maintenance of adult rat alveolar type II cell differentiation in vitro: effect of hydrocortisone and cyclic AMP

We have examined the effect of hydrocortisone and cyclic AMP on the maintenance of lipid synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat alveolar type II cells. These hormones were tested in the presence of either 1% or 5% charcoal-stripped rat serum (CS-rat serum). The effect of substratum on responsiveness to these hormones was evaluated by comparing cells cultured for 4 days on tissue culture plastic, on floating type I collagen gels, on rat lung fibroblast feeder layers on floating collagen gels (floating feeder layers), and on Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor basement membrane gels. Type II cells cultured on floating feeder layers in medium containing 1% CS-rat serum and 10(-5) M hydrocortisone plus 0.5 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP exhibited significantly increased incorporation of [14C]acetate into total lipids (238% of control). The hormone combination also increased the relative percentage of acetate incorporated into phosphatidylglycerol (PG; 7.3% versus 1.9%) and saturated phosphatidylcholine (PC; 43.6% versus 37.6%). The percentage of acetate incorporated into neutral lipids was significantly decreased by the addition of hormones (28.6% versus 70.0%). The addition of hydrocortisone and cyclic AMP to medium containing 5% CS-rat serum resulted in an increase in the relative incorporation of acetate into saturated PC (51.2% versus 46.4%), but had no effect on the relative incorporation of acetate into PG or on the incorporation of acetate into total lipids. Type II cells cultured on EHS gels in medium containing 1% CS-rat serum plus hydrocortisone and cyclic AMP showed increased acetate incorporation into total lipids (204% of control) and a relative decrease in the percentage of acetate incorporated into neutral lipids (16.9% versus 47.0%). The hormone combination also increased the relative incorporation of acetate into PG (4.4% versus 2.5%) and saturated PC (49.9% versus 42.1%). Hydrocortisone and cyclic AMP added to medium containing 5% CS-rat serum concentration increased the relative incorporation of acetate into saturated PC by type II cells on EHS gels, but these additions had no effect on acetate incorporation into PG. No responses to these soluble factors were seen when type II cells were cultured on floating type I collagen gels without feeder layers or on tissue culture plastic. These data indicate that there are positive interactions between substratum, soluble factors and serum in the maintenance of differentiated function of adult rat alveolar type II cells in vitro.     

Isolation and characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MIS1 gene encoding mitochondrial C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase

C1-Tetrahydrofolate synthase is a trifunctional polypeptide found in eukaryotic organisms that catalyzes 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.3), 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.9), and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.5) activities. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase is found in both the cytoplasm and the mitochondria. The gene encoding yeast mitochondrial C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase was isolated using synthetic oligonucleotide probes based on the amino-terminal sequence of the purified protein. Hybridization analysis shows that the gene (designated MIS1) has a single copy in the yeast genome. The predicted amino acid sequence of mitochondrial C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase shares 71% identity with yeast C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase and shares 39% identity with clostridial 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase. Chromosomal deletions of the mitochondrial C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase gene were generated using the cloned MIS1 gene. Mutant strains which lack a functional MIS1 gene are viable and can grow in medium containing a nonfermentable carbon source. In fact, deletion of the MIS1 locus has no detectable effect on cell growth.     

Purification and characterization of a mitochondrial isozyme of C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

C1-Tetrahydrofolate synthase is a trifunctional polypeptide found in eukaryotic organisms that catalyzes 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.3), 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.9), and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.5) activities. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase is encoded by the ADE3 locus, yet ade3 mutants have low but detectable levels of these enzyme activities. Synthetase, cyclohydrolase, and dehydrogenase activities in an ade3 deletion strain co-purify 4,000-fold to yield a single protein species as seen on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The native molecular weight of the isozyme (Mr = 200,000 by gel exclusion chromatography) and the size of its subunits (Mr = 100,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) are similar to those of C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase. Cell fractionation experiments show that the isozyme, but not C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, is localized in the mitochondria. Genetic studies indicate that the isozyme is encoded in the nuclear genome. Peptide mapping experiments show that C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase and the isozyme are not structurally identical. However, immunotitration experiments and amino acid sequence analysis suggest that C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase and the isozyme are structurally related. We propose to call the isozyme "mitochondrial C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase."     

Exogenous Tryptophan Increases Synthesis, Storage, and Intraneuronal Metabolism of 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the Rat Hypothalamus

The effects of tryptophan administration on neurochemical estimates of synthesis [5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) accumulation following administration of a decarboxylase inhibitor], storage [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentrations], and metabolism [5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations] of 5-HT in selected regions of the hypothalamus were determined using HPLC coupled to an electrochemical detector. Tryptophan methyl ester HCl (30-300 mg/kg i.p.) produced a dose-dependent increase in the rate of 5-HTP accumulation throughout the hypothalamus but had no effect on the rate of accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. Peak 5-HTP levels were attained by 30 min following administration of tryptophan (100 mg/kg i.p.) and were maintained for an additional 60 min. Tryptophan also produced concomitant dose-dependent increases in 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations in these same regions without changes in the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio. These results indicate that exogenous tryptophan administration selectively increases the synthesis, storage, and metabolism of 5-HT in the hypothalamus without altering the synthesis of catecholamines. Inhibition of 5-HT uptake with chlorimipramine or fluoxetine produced modest (10-40%) reductions in 5-HIAA concentrations throughout the hypothalamus, revealing that only a minor portion of 5-HIAA is derived from released and recaptured 5-HT, whereas the major portion of this metabolite reflects intraneuronal metabolism of unreleased 5-HT. In both chlorimipramine- and fluoxetine-treated rats, 5-HIAA concentrations were significantly increased by tryptophan administration, indicating that the increase in synthesis of 5-HT following precursor loading is accompanied by an increase in the intraneuronal metabolism of 5-HT.     

Influence of beta-adrenergic blockade on the control of sweating in humans

To evaluate the role of beta-adrenergic receptors in the control of human sweating, we studied six subjects during 40 min of cycle-ergometer exercise (60% maximal O2 consumption) at 22 degrees C 2 h after oral administration of placebo or nonselective beta-blockade (BB, 80 mg propranolol). Internal temperature (esophageal temperature, Tes), mean skin temperature (Tsk), local chest temperature (Tch), and local chest sweat rate (msw) were continuously recorded. The control of sweating was best described by the slope of the linear relationship between msw and Tes and the threshold Tes for the onset of sweating. The slope of the msw-Tes relationship decreased 27% (P less than 0.01), from 1.80 to 1.30 mg X cm-2 X min-1 X degree C-1 during BB. The Tes threshold for sweating (36.8 degrees C) was not altered as the result of BB. These data suggest that BB modified the control of sweating via some peripheral interaction. Since Tsk was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced during BB exercise, from a control value of 32.8 to 32.2 degrees C, we evaluated the influence of the reduction in local skin temperature (Tsk) in the altered control of sweating. Reductions in Tch accounted for only 45% of the decrease in the slope of the msw-Tes relationship during BB. Since evaporative heat loss requirement during exercise with BB, as estimated from the energy balance equation, was also reduced 18%, compared with control exercise, we concluded that during BB the reduction in sweating at any Tes is the consequence of both a decrease in local Tsk and a direct effect on sweat gland.     

Measles-specific T cell clones derived from a twin with multiple sclerosis: genetic restriction studies

The association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and HLA-DR2 suggests that the disease may be associated with an aberrant immune response, likely directed against an antigen of either viral or host origin. We have used measles virus-specific T cell clones derived from a patient with MS to study genetic restriction patterns of antigen presentation by macrophage-enriched (E-) populations. Twenty-two clones proliferated in response to measles-infected Vero cells but not to mumps-infected or uninfected Veros. E- cells from both the autologous subject and her healthy, measles nonresponder identical twin were capable of presenting antigen to all clones. Studies with E- cells obtained from a panel of cell donors demonstrated clones which recognized antigen in association with D2/DR2, DR4, subgroups of DR4, and SB3. Three clones recognized antigen only in association with the autologous or twin's cells, but not with other sets of HLA-matched E-cells obtained from healthy donors or from other patients with MS. These studies indicate that the differing responses to measles virus demonstrated by these two identical twins are not explained by alterations in the interactions between antigen-presenting cells and T cells. Furthermore, at the clonal level, no preferential role is seen for HLA-DR2 as the restricting element for presentation of measles virus to these clones.     

Principles and strategies in breeding for higher salt tolerance

Summary Salinity is an environmental component that usually reduces yield. Recent advances in the understanding of salt effects on plants have not revealed a reliable physiological or biochemical marker that can be used to rapidly screen for salt tolerance. The necessity of measuring salt tolerance based upon growth in saline relative to non-saline environments makes salt tolerance measurements and selection for tolerance difficult. Additionally, high variability in soil salinity and environmental interactions makes it questionable whether breeding should be conducted for tolerance or for high yield. Genetic techniques can be used to identify the components of variation attributable to genotype and environment, and the extent of genetic variation in saline and nonsaline environments can be used to estimate the potential for improving salt tolerance. Absolute salt tolerance can be improved best by increasing both absolute yield and relative salt tolerance.     

Accumulation and Subcellular Localization of alpha-Galactosidase-Hemagglutinin in Developing Soybean Cotyledons

We have investigated the accumulation and intracellular localization of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv Forrest) α-galactosidase-hemagglutinin during seed development. Cotyledon tissue was embedded in Lowicryl K4M and immunocytochemical localization was accomplished through treating thin sections with α-galactosidase antisera followed by indirect labeling with protein A coupled to colloidal gold. Gold particles were localized on the Golgi apparatus and protein bodies. We interpret this to indicate that α-galactosidase-hemagglutinin is transferred to and transported through the Golgi apparatus and finally deposited within the protein body by a Golgi apparatus-mediated process.     

Human cellular immune response to measles virus polypeptides

Measles virus polypeptides were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electroeluted from gel sections. The antigenicity of the polypeptides was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The ability of these measles virus antigens to stimulate lymphoproliferation was measured in both high- and low-responder individuals. In contrast to the low-responder lymphocytes which did not proliferate when stimulated with measles virus antigens, the high-responder lymphocytes proliferated when challenged with hemagglutinin, nucleocapsid-associated phosphoprotein, nucleocapsid protein, matrix protein, and fusion protein.     

Medullary expiratory activity: influence of intercostal tendon organs and muscle spindle endings

Studies were conducted to determine the effects of intercostal muscle spindle endings (MSEs) and tendon organs (TOs) on medullary expiratory activity in decerebrate cats. Impeded intercostal muscle contractions, elicited by electrical stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the T6 ventral root, were used to stimulate intercostal TOs without MSEs. Impeded contractions of the intercostal muscles augmented expiratory laryngeal motoneuron activity, and either had no effect on or reduced the activity of bulbospinal expiratory neurons. Vibration was used to stimulate intercostal MSEs. Intercostal MSEs had no effect on medullary expiratory neuron activity. It is concluded that both external and internal intercostal TOs have an excitatory effect on expiratory laryngeal motoneuron activity and an inhibitory effect on a subpopulation of expiratory neurons driving intercostal and/or abdominal muscles, and intercostal MSEs have no direct influence on medullary expiratory activity.