Characterization of a fungal strain capable of degrading chlorpyrifos and its use in detoxification of the insecticide on vegetables

A fungal strain capable of utilizing chlorpyrifos as sole carbon and energy sources was isolated from soil by enrichment cultivation approach. The half-lives of degradation (DT₅₀) for chlorpyrifos at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 mg l⁻¹ by the fungal strain DSP in mineral salt medium were measured to be 2.03, 2.93, and 3.49 days, respectively. Two cell-free extracts [E (1:10) and E (1:20)] from the fungal strain DSP in bran–glucose medium were prepared and used to enhance chlorpyrifos degradation on vegetables. Compared with the controls, the DT₅₀ of chlorpyrifos were reduced by 70.3%, 65.6%, 80.6%, 80.6%, and 86.1%, and by 53.8%, 43.2%, 66.0%, 54.3%, and 67.7% on E (1:20) and E (1:10) treated pakchoi, water spinach, Malabar spinach, haricot beans, and pepper, respectively. The 7-day residual values (R ₇) of chlorpyrifos on E (1:10) treated vegetables were all lower than the corresponding maximum residue levels of European Union (EU MRLs), except that the R ₇ value on haricot beans was slightly higher than the corresponding EU MRLs. The results indicate that cell-free extracts could rapidly degrade chlorpyrifos residues on vegetables.     

崇明东滩人工湿地越冬水禽行为观察

2006年12月上旬-2007年2月下旬,在崇明东滩堤内次生人工湿地(鱼-蟹塘)对7种优势种水禽的昼间(6:30-17:30)行为进行了观察.结果表明:白鹭(Egrettagarzetta)、苍鹭(Ardea cinerea)和斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhyncha)以停伫行为为主,分别占全天行为的34.09%、45.45%和54.55%;白骨顶(Fulica atra)、普通鸬鹚(Phalacrocorax carbo)取食行为较活跃,分别占全天行为的32.58%和35.00%;小鹛鹧(Tachybaptus ruficollis)和银鸥(Larus argentatus)游水活动分别占全天行为的44.70%和31.82%.此外,环境温度和光照与水禽活动呈正相关,与风速负相关,湿地内水位由于变化不大而对越冬水禽行为影响不显著.     

鄱阳湖黄鳝的生长特征

以基舌骨和脊椎骨作为年龄鉴定的材料,研究了鄱阳湖黄鳝(Monopterus albus)种群的生长特征.结果表明,种群的年龄结构分别为:雌性1～5龄,雄性2～6龄,2～5龄为黄鳝性别的过渡期(间性).2～4龄为优势年龄组,占渔获物的89.75%,相对应的体长为30～50 cm,体重为30～120 g.体长(L)与体重(W)的关系为:W=0.000 4L3.2601(♀);W=0.001 4L2.9008(∮).按生长指标值分析,阶段生长可以明显地划分为两个时期,即2龄前的生长迅速期和2龄后的生长稳定期.拟合的Von Bertalanffy生长参数分别为雌性L∞=78.5 Cm,k=0.174 02/y,t0=-1.203 2 Y,W∞:602.01 g;雄性L∞=102.3 cm,k=0.118 45/y,t0=-1.310 1 Y,W-=947.32 g;生长特征参数分别为ψ=3.030 3(♀)和ψ=3.093 4(∮);雌雄个体生长差异显著.     

紫羊茅重金属抗性和敏感品种中类金属硫蛋白基因的鉴定及表达初探

重金属对生命机体的作用具有双重性。一方面,作为多数辅酶的辅助因子对细胞的正常代谢必不可少;另一方面,当重金属超过一定的浓度时对细胞有较大的毒性。在长期的进化过程中,生物可能形成一种调节细胞内重金属浓度的机制。这种机制在动物和真菌中被认为同金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)的作用密切相关。植物中也存在类似的与重金属结合的低分子量蛋白(heavy metal binding pep-tide)。最近对拟南芥菜和水稻中类金属硫蛋白(MT-like)基因的研究证实其作用与动物MT相似。紫羊茅品种“Merlin”是一种从锌铅矿区的重金属污染地采集的单子叶草种,对镉和铜的抗性都较高,分别达到50mg/L和30mg/L,而5mg/L Cd~(2 )或2mg/L Cu~(2 )便可抑制敏感品种“S59”的正常生长。目前     

猪环状RNA IGF1R促进脂肪细胞分化

环状RNA(circular RNA, circRNA)作为竞争性内源RNA(competitive endogenous RNA, ceRNA)在细胞分化调控中发挥着重要作用。本研究旨在对猪环状RNA IGF1R(circular RNA insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, circIGF1R)进行鉴定及分析,探明其表达规律,构建猪circIGF1R相关的ceRNA调控网络,并探究其异位表达对小鼠间充质干细胞(C3H10T1/2)成脂分化的调控作用。通过正反向引物PCR、Sanger测序、RNase R酶消化检测和qRT-PCR验证circIGF1R是胰岛素样生长因子1受体(insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, IGF1R)第二外显子形成的circRNA,它在猪各组织中均有表达,且其表达量在脂肪组织中随日龄增加呈上升趋势;使用miRDB、TargetScan和miRWalk在线软件预测circIGF1R靶基因,运用RNAhybrid软件进行结合位点预测,使用DAVID生物信息功能分析软件对候选靶基因进行GO和KEGG富集分析,运用Cytoscape软件构建ceRNA网络,基于基因表达相关性和预测的靶标关系,绘制了GO和KEGG富集分析及构建了ceRNA网络;双荧光素酶报告基因分析证明circIGF1R及FABP4可与ssc (Sus scrofa chromosome) -miR-133a-5p结合;成功构建circIGF1R过表达载体,在间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2中异位表达,过表达circIGF1R后关键成脂调控因子CEBPα、CEBPβ、FABP4和PPARγ极显著升高(P＜0.01),脂滴数量显著增加。本研究结果证明,circIGF1R在猪脂肪组织中存在,并且可能通过ceRNA机制正调控C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化,为进一步研究circIGF1R调控猪前体肌内脂肪细胞成脂分化奠定理论基础。     

The Raf-like kinase Raf36 negatively regulates plant resistance against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora parasitica by targeting MKK2

Oomycetes represent a unique group of plant pathogens that are phylogenetically distant from true fungi and cause significant crop losses and environmental damage. Understanding of the genetic basis of host plant susceptibility facilitates the development of novel disease resistance strategies. In this study, we report the identification of an Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA mutant with enhanced resistance to Phytophthora parasitica with an insertion in the Raf-like mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase gene Raf36. We generated additional raf36 mutants by CRISPR/Cas9 technology as well as Raf36 complementation and overexpression transformants, with consistent results of infection assays showing that Raf36 mediates Arabidopsis susceptibility to P. parasitica. Using a virus-induced gene silencing assay, we silenced Raf36 homologous genes in Nicotiana benthamiana and demonstrated by infection assays the conserved immune function of Raf36. Mutagenesis analyses indicated that the kinase activity of Raf36 is important for its immune function and interaction with MKK2, a MAPK kinase. By generating and analysing mkk2 mutants and MKK2 complementation and overexpression transformants, we found that MKK2 is a positive immune regulator in the response to P. parasitica infection. Furthermore, infection assay on mkk2 raf36 double mutant plants indicated that MKK2 is required for the raf36-conferred resistance to P. parasitica. Taken together, we identified a Raf-like kinase Raf36 as a novel plant susceptibility factor that functions upstream of MKK2 and directly targets it to negatively regulate plant resistance to P. parasitica.     

Lineage‐specific plastid degradation in subtribe Gentianinae (Gentianaceae)

The structure and sequence of plastid genomes is highly conserved across most land plants, except for a minority of lineages that show gene loss and genome degradation. Understanding the early stages of plastome degradation may provide crucial insights into the repeatability and predictability of genomic evolutionary trends. We investigated these trends in subtribe Gentianinae of the Gentianaceae, which encompasses ca. 450 species distributed around the world, particularly in alpine and subalpine environments. We sequenced, assembled, and annotated the plastomes of 41 species, representing all six genera in subtribe Gentianinae and all main sections of the species‐rich genus Gentiana L. We reconstructed the phylogeny, estimated divergence times, investigated the phylogenetic distribution of putative gene losses, and related these to substitution rate shifts and species’ habitats. We obtained a strongly supported topology consistent with earlier studies, with all six genera in Gentianinae recovered as monophyletic and all main sections of Gentiana having full support. While closely related species have very similar plastomes in terms of size and structure, independent gene losses, particularly of the ndh complex, have occurred in multiple clades across the phylogeny. Gene loss was usually associated with a shift in the boundaries of the small single‐copy and inverted repeat regions. Substitution rates were variable between clades, with evidence for both elevated and decelerated rate shifts. Independent lineage‐specific loss of ndh genes occurred at a wide range of times, from Eocene to Pliocene. Our study illustrates that diverse degradation patterns shape the evolution of the plastid in this species‐rich plant group.     

甘蔗鞭黑粉菌侵染甘蔗的早期可视化观察

[目的]甘蔗鞭黑粉菌(Sporisorium scitamineum)引起的甘蔗黑穗病是我国甘蔗生产重要的病害.示踪甘蔗鞭黑粉菌侵染甘蔗的过程将有助于揭示其致病性和甘蔗抗黑穗病机制,为抗病品种的选育以及黑穗病的防治奠定基础.[方法]利用农杆菌介导的遗传转化技术对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌进行黄色荧光标记,对转化子进行配合及致病力检测...     

青霉素钠对萼花臂尾轮虫适合度的促进作用及其与藻密度的关系

以萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus calyciflorus）为受试动物,在1.0×10⁶（较低）、2.0×10⁶（中等）和4.0×10⁶个细胞/mL （较高）的斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）密度下,研究了不同浓度（0、200、400、600、800和1000 μg/L）的青霉素钠对轮虫各生命表统计学参数的影响。结果表明,与各藻密度下的对照组相比,当藻密度为2.0×10⁶个细胞/mL时,200-1000 μg/L的青霉素钠处理组中轮虫的生命期望和世代时间分别延长了40.67%-70.67%和34.04%-50.23%（P<0.05）,净生殖率和内禀增长率分别提高了204.35%-358.70%和36.26%-62.09%（P<0.05）;藻密度的降低或升高均显著降低青霉素钠对轮虫存活、生殖和种群增长的促进幅度。1.0×10⁶ 个细胞/mL的斜生栅藻密度下,400 μg/L的青霉素钠处理组中轮虫的生命期望延长了21%（P<0.05）,200-400μg/L的青霉素钠处理组中轮虫的世代时间延长了23.15%-33.13%（P<0.05）,200-600和1000 μg/L的青霉素钠处理组中轮虫的净生殖率分别升高了40%-81.05%和41.05%（P<0.05）;但4.0×10⁶个细胞/mL的斜生栅藻密度下,各青霉素钠处理组中轮虫的所有生命表统计学参数均与对照组之间无显著性差异（P>0.05）。藻密度对轮虫的生命期望、净生殖率、内禀增长率和后代混交率均具有显著性影响（P<0.01）,青霉素钠浓度对轮虫的世代时间、净生殖率和内禀增长率均具有显著性影响（P<0.05）,藻密度和青霉素钠浓度的交互作用对轮虫的生命期望、净生殖率和内禀增长率也具有显著性影响（P<0.05）。在实验设置的青霉素钠浓度范围内,1.0×10⁶个细胞/mL藻密度下轮虫的生命期望、世代时间和净生殖率与青霉素钠浓度之间均具有显著的剂量-效应关系（P<0.05）;2.0×10⁶个细胞/mL藻密度下,轮虫的生命期望、世代时间和内禀增长率与青霉素钠浓度之间均具有显著的剂量-效应关系（P<0.05）。本研究结果提示,环境相关浓度的青霉素钠不会对萼花臂尾轮虫的存活、生殖和种群增长产生显著性影响。