Effect of antibiotics on immunophysiological status and their taste attractiveness for rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">Parasalmo</Emphasis> (=<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus</Emphasis>) <Emphasis Type="Italic">mykiss</Emphasis> (Salmoniformes,Salmonidae)

Effect of three- and fivefold intramuscular injections of antibiotics oxytetracyclin hydrochloride and benzylpenicillin sodium (20 mg/kg) on immunophysiological status of juveniles of rainbow trout Parasalmo (=Oncorhynchus) mykiss (pathomorphological evaluation of internal organs, determination of the number of different types of leucocytes in the blood, and electrophoretic investigation of protein profile of the blood serum) was investigated. It was determined that both antibiotics cause neutropenia, removal of albumin fraction in the blood serum, and appearance of lipoid assemblages and different pathologies of internal organs. Taste attractiveness of oxytetracyclin hydrochloride, benzylpenicillin sodium, cefazolin-akos, and neomycin sulfate at the concentration in artificial food pellets of 1, 10, and 100 mg/ml was evaluated. It was determined that neomycin sulfate has more preferable taste for fishes, cefazolin-akos is less attractive, and reaction of fishes to oxytetracyclin hydrochloride and benzylpenicillin sodium depends on their concentration. The presence of two strongly different behavioral stereotypes of testing of food taste was confirmed.     

Peganine hydrochloride dihydrate an orally active antileishmanial agent

Protozoic infections caused by genus Leishmania pose an enormous public health threat in developing countries, compounded by the toxicity and resistance to current therapies. Under the aegis of our ongoing program on drug discovery and development on antileishmanial agents from plants, we carried out bioassay guided fractionation on Peganum harmala seeds which resulted in the isolation of 1 as an antileishmanial agent. 2D-NMR spectral data and single crystal X-ray crystallography data indicated 1 as peganine hydrochloride in dihydrated form. The compound 1 exhibited in-vitro activity against both extracellular promastigotes as well as intracellular amastigotes residing within murine macrophages in Leishmania donovani. Furthermore, 1 also exhibited in-vivo activity, 79.6 (±8.07)% against established VL in hamsters at a dose of 100 mg/kg b.wt.     

Perigestational suppression of weight gain with central leptin gene therapy results in lower weight F1 generation

The efficacy of central leptin therapy on weight homeostasis through various phases of reproduction, pregnancy outcome and postnatal, prepubertal and pubertal growth of offspring was assessed. Enhanced leptin transgene expression after a single intracerebroventricular injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus vector encoding the leptin gene (rAAV-lep) decreased calorie intake and weight in adult nulliparous female rats. rAAV-lep treated rats conceived normally, displayed unremarkable pregnancy rate, parturition and delivered normal sized litters. Significantly lower weight was maintained through gestation, lactation, and post-lactation periods. The maintenance of a modest weight reduction was accompanied by voluntarily reduced calorie intake, increased thermogenic energy expenditure, decreased adiposity as reflected by drastically reduced leptin levels, and suppressed insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels through lactation and post-lactation in rAAV-lep treated dams. The offspring at birth weighed significantly less than those of controls and this lower weight range was sustained during postnatal, prepubertal, pubertal and adult (3 months old) periods, contemporaneous with metabolic circulating hormones in the normal range. For the first time we show the persistent efficacy of central leptin gene therapy to suppress weight gain through all phases of reproduction, lactation and post-lactation in dams and reveal the potential imprinting link to producing lower weight in the F1 generation.     

Association of <Emphasis Type="Italic">MMP3, MMP9, ADAM33</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">TIMP3</Emphasis> polymorphisms with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its progression

PCR-RFLP analysis was performed for 391 cases and 514 control individuals to analyze the contribution of polymorphisms of the matrix metalloproteinase genes MMP1 (−1607 G>GG, rs1799750; −519 A>G, rs494379), MMP2 (−735 C>T, rs2285053), MMP3 (−1171 5A>6A, rs35068180), MMP9 (−1562 C>T, rs3918242; 2660A>G, rs17576), MMP12 (−82 A>G, rs2276109), the disintegrin and metalloproteinase 33 gene ADAM33 (12418 A>G, rs2280091; 13491 C>G, rs2787094), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase genes TIMP2 (−418 G>C, rs8179090) and TIMP3 (−1296 T>C, rs9619311) to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Significant association with increased rick of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was observed for the 6A6A genotype of the MMP3 −1171 5A>6A polymorphism (OR = 2.49, P _adj = 0.003979, P _cor = 0.0358 adjusted for age, sex, smoke pack-years, ethnicity) and for the G-G haplotype of ADAM33 polymorphisms 13491 C>G and 12418 A>G (OR = 0.39, P _adj = 0.0012, P _cor = 0.006). Significant interactions were detected between the smoking status and ADAM33 12418 A >G (P _interact = 0.026) and TIMP3 −1296 T>C (P _interact = 0.044). The risk of emphysema was increased in GG homozygotes by ADAM33 13491 C>G and a risk of emphysema was found (OR = 1.74, P _adj = 0.013, P _cor = 0.117). The severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was modified by MMP9 −1562 C>T in the additive model (OR = 1.883, P _adj = 0.028, P _cor = 0.252). Thus, polymorphisms of MMP3, MMP9, ADAM33, and TIMP3 can be considered important risk factors for the development and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; in addition, pathogenetically significant gene-environment interactions were identified. These data contribute to the understanding of hereditary predisposition to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

Cold acclimation and photoinhibition of photosynthesis in Scots pine

Cold acclimation of Scots pine did not affect the susceptibility of photosynthesis to photoinhibition. Cold acclimation did however cause a suppression of the rate of CO₂ uptake, and at given light and temperature conditions a larger fraction of the photosystem II reaction centres were closed in cold-acclimated than in nonacclimated pine. Therefore, when assayed at the level of photosystem II reaction centres, i.e. in relation to the degree of photosystem closure, cold acclimation caused a significant increase in resistance to photoinhibition; at given levels of photosystem II closure the resistance to photoinhibition was higher after cold acclimation. This was particularly evident in measurements at 20° C. The amounts and activities of the majority of analyzed active oxygen scavengers were higher after cold acclimation. We suggest that this increase in protective enzymes and compounds, particularly Superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and ascorbate of the chloroplasts, enables Scots pine to avoid excessive photoinhibition of photosynthesis despite partial suppression of photosynthesis upon cold acclimation. An increased capacity for light-induced de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin upon cold acclimation may also be of significance.Abbreviations APX ascorbate peroxidase - DHA dehydroascorbate - DHAR dehydroascorbate reductase - Fm maximal fluorescence when all reaction centres are closed - Fv/Fm maximum photochemical yield of PSII - GR glutathione reductase - GSH reduced glutathione - Je rate of photosynthetic electron transport - MDAR monodehydroascorbate reductase - q_N nonphotochemical quenching of fluorescence - q_P photochemical quenching of fluorescence - SOD superoxide dismutase This work was supported by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

基于地统计学的黄土高寒区典型林地土壤水分盈亏状况研究

土壤水分是黄土高寒区水循环、地下水补给和植被恢复的关键因素,基于地统计学研究土壤水分空间分布及其盈亏状况,揭示林地土壤水分的空间分布规律、变异特征及空间结构,对于区域植被恢复具有重要价值。以大通县安门滩小流域人工林地作为研究对象,运用地统计学方法对其5月、7月和9月的土壤储水量、林地耗水量和土壤水分盈亏量进行综合分析。研究结果表明:(1)土壤储水量总体表现为9月5月7月,而林地耗水量为7月9月5月,5—7月绝大多数林地的土壤水分呈亏损状态,而7—9月所有林地土壤水分都得到了补充,总体来看,5—9月研究区多数林地的土壤水分有所盈余,土壤储水量、林地耗水量和土壤水分盈亏量均采用指数模型作为最优理论变异函数模型;(2)5月、7月和9月土壤储水量呈南高北低、西高东低的空间分异规律,且西南-东北方向变异较东南-西北方向剧烈;各月林地耗水量在西南-东北方向变异较东南-西北方向剧烈,总体表现为西南部区域低于东北部区域;在5—7月、7—9月和5—9月这三个时期内,土壤水分盈亏量的取值均呈现出东北部区域小于西南部区域的特点。综上,当地土壤水分状况与林地耗水量分布格局并不完全匹配,虽然绝大部分林分能够维持土壤水分收支平衡,但部分山脚处的青杨林地和中部区域的华北落叶松林地出现了土壤水分亏损的现象。为防止林地水分环境恶化,在之后黄土高寒区的植被建设过程中,应适当调整林分配置。     

Lateral hydrological connectivity differentially affects the community characteristics of multiple groups of aquatic invertebrates in tropical wetland pans in South Africa

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Association of polymorphisms of the CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 cytochrome P450 genes with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Bashkortostan

The frequencies of polymorphisms of CYP1A1 (2455A/G, 3801T/C) and CYP1A2 (?2464T/delT, ?163C/A) were determined in healthy residents of Bashkortostan (Russians, Tatars, and Bashkirs) and tested for association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Interethnic differences in the frequency distribution of the CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 polymorphisms were significant. In Tatars and Russians, the CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 haplotype frequencies were similar (χ² = 0.973, df = 3, P = 1.00 and χ² = 1.546, df = 3, P = 0.92, respectively). In Bashkirs, the CYP1A1 haplotype frequencies significantly differed from those in Russians and Tatars (χ² = 12.328, df = 3, P = 0.008 and χ² = 9.218, df = 3, P = 0.034, respectively) owing to a high frequency of CYP1A1*2B (10.17%). Similarly, Bashkirs differed from Russians and Tatars in the CYP1A2 haplotype frequencies (χ² = 18.779, df = 3, P = 0.0001 and χ² = 14.326, df = 3, P = 0.003, respectively). The frequency of the CYP1A2*1D haplotype in Bashkirs was 11.02% in contrast to 2.36% in Tatars and 1.61% in Russians. Allele *D of the CYP1A2 ?2467delT polymorphism was associated with COPD in Tatars (OR = 1.83, 95%CI 1.24–2.71, χ² = 9.48, P = 0.003). CYP1A2*1D was associated with an increased risk of COPD (8.65% vs. 2.36% in controls, χ² = 9.733, P = 0.0027, P _cor = 0.008, OR = 3.908, 95%CI 1.56–10.19). Haplotype CYP1A2*1A was significantly less frequent in patients with COPD (21.05% vs. 30.74%, χ² = 6.319, P = 0.0127, P _cor = 0.038, OR = 0.6012, 95%CI 0.402–0.898). The CYP1A1 polymorphisms were not associated with COPD in residents of Bashkortostan.     

Influence of substituent effects on spectroscopic properties and antimicrobial activity of 5-(4��-substituted phenylazo)-2-thioxothiazolidinone derivatives

5-(4??-substituted phenylazo)-2-thioxothiazolidinone derivatives (HL_n) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, spectra (IR, electronic and ¹H NMR). The IR spectral data indicate that the compounds can exist in two resonance structures. The synthesized ligands were screened for their antimicrobial activity against four bacterial species, two Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) as well as against some species various of fungi; Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium italicum and Fusarium oxysporium. The results showed that most these ligands are good antibacterial agents against B. cereus and S. aureus and antifungal agents against A. niger and F. oxysporium. HL₃ was found to be the most effect compound against all tested microorganisms. The size of clear zone were ordered as follows p-(OCH₃?<?CH₃?<?H?<?Cl?<?NO₂) as expected from Hammett??s constant ??^R.