ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn as a selection mechanism at the ABO locus

Data from the period 1951 to 1967 were collected from the records at the Milwaukee Blood Center on 380 cases of ABO hemolytic disease to determine if ABO incompatibility may be regarded as a selection mechanism at the ABO locus. In comparison with infants of ABO compatible parents the affected infants had significantly lower hemoglobin and hematocrit values and higher bilirubin concentrations. Forty-eight percent of the affected showed a positive direct antiglobulin test, 81% showed increased numbers of reticulocytes and 92% had spherocytosis. Since affected infants are considered to be in grave danger when high concentrations of bilirubin are present it is significant that 169 individuals (44%) required exchange transfusions. Compared with the number of live births in Milwaukee for the same period this represents a frequency of one in every 1,654 live births so that ABO incompatibility may be regarded as an important mechanism of natural selection. Since it was found that 98.7% of the mothers of the affected infants are of blood group O, the affected infants are therefore heterozygous (AO or BO) and selection due to ABO incompatibility would have its greatest effect upon the lowest allele frequencies in a population.     

Taxonomy and nomenclature of five hitherto inadequately-known genera of mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)

Abstract The type-species of four genera of Pseudococcidae are studied. Fonscolombia Lichtenstein is redefined, the type-species, Fonscolombia graminis Lichtenstein is assigned to the Pseudococcidae, redescribed and a lectotype designated. Laboulbenia Lichtenstein is accepted as an objective synonym of Antonina Signoret. Tetrura Lichtenstein ( non : Lesson) is accepted as an objective synonym of Coccura Sulc. The adult female of the material of this species which Lichtenstein misidentified as Tetrura rubi (Schrank) is redescribed and illustrated. Brevennia Goux is redefined, and the type-species Ripersia (Brevennia) tetrapora Goux redescribed. The characteristics of Asphodelococcus Morrison are discussed, the type-species Ripersia asphodeli Bodenheimer redescribed and a neotype designated; A.meoconcitae Tranfaglia & Marotta is a new synonym of A. asphodeli .     

Mind Architecture and Brain Architecture

The use of the computer metaphor has led to the proposal of mind architecture (Pylyshyn 1984; Newell 1990) as a model of the organization of the mind. The dualist computational model, however, has, since the earliest days of psychological functionalism, required that the concepts mind architecture and brain architecture be remote from each other. The development of both connectionism and neurocomputational science, has sought to dispense with this dualism and provide general models of consciousness – a uniform cognitive architecture –, which is in general reductionist, but which retains the computer metaphor. This paper examines, in the first place, the concepts of mind architecture and brain architecture, in order to evaluate the syntheses which have recently been offered. It then moves on to show how modifications which have been made to classical functionalist mind architectures, with the aim of making them compatible with brain architectures, are unable to resolve some of the most serious problems of functionalism. Some suggestions are given as to why it is not possible to relate mind structures and brain structures by using neurocomputational approaches, and finally the question is raised of the validity of reductionism in a theory which sets out to unite mind and brain architectures.