Simultaneous Application of Rhizobium Strain and Melatonin Improves the Photosynthetic Capacity and Induces Antioxidant Defense System in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Under Salinity Stress

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) as a natural biostimulating substance provides a number of benefits in stimulating plant growth in stress situations due to its natural antioxidant capacity. Rhizobia also play crucial roles in supporting plant growth under environmental stress conditions. The overall goal of this research is to study the possible positive effects of melatonin and rhizobacterium in enhancing the growth and salinity tolerance of common bean. To accomplish this objective, we conducted in vitro experiment to select the optimal melatonin concentration and treatment time of seed priming for the best germination. Also, a greenhouse experiment was performed to investigate the effect of melatonin pre-treatment applied before rhizobial inoculation to improve the fitness of common bean under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized factorial design with six replications and three treatments: priming treatments (melatonin priming (PM100), hydro priming (PH) and dry (PD)), salinity (0, 4, 8, 10 and 16 dS m^?1) and Rhizobium strain (inoculated (RS?+) and uninoculated (RS?)). Our results showed that melatonin priming promoted bacterial colony size in Petri-dishes. The interactive effects of melatonin and RS?+?was found to alleviate reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, and hence protect common bean chlorophylls a, b and carotenoid and photosynthetic activity and decrease malondialdehyde content through activation of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase), facilitation of soluble protein synthesis, maintenance of Na⁺ and K⁺ homeostasis, and finally increase shoot dry weight (33.2, 39.5 and 31.5%) and seed yield (78.6, 91 and 54.2%) compared to the combination of PD and RS- treatments under 0, 4 and 8 dS m^?1 salinity levels, respectively. Thus, our findings suggest that seed priming with melatonin, especially 100 µM melatonin is an effective strategy that can be used to enhance salt tolerance in common bean.

     

Design,Synthesis, Molecular Docking,and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Potential of Phthalimide‐Dithiocarbamate Hybrids as New Agents for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

A novel series of phthalimide‐dithiocarbamate hybrids was synthesized and evaluated for in vitro inhibitory potentials against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The anti‐cholinesterase results indicated that among the synthesized compounds, the compounds 7g and 7h showed the most potent anti‐AChE and anti‐BuChE activities, respectively. Molecular docking and dynamic studies of the compounds 7g and 7h , respectively, in the active site of AChE and BuChE revealed that these compounds as well interacted with studied cholinesterases. These compounds also possessed drug‐like properties and were able to cross the BBB.     

Nest-site selection and its impact on breeding success of the Lesser Kestrel,Falco naumanni,in the North of Iran (Aves: Falconiformes)

The Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) is a small migratory falcon which nests coloni- ally on inland cliffs and ruined buildings. Bandar Turkman city holds one of the most important breeding colonies in Iran. It nests in holes in roofs, walls or on ledges of buildings throughout of the city. We tried to find out whether there is a relationship between nest-site selection and breeding success. Although height from the ground is the most important factor in nest-site selection by F. naumanni, height from the floor and distance to the nearest neighbour are other main factors which affect breeding success. This could be the result of accessibility by human and natural predators such as domestic cats which threaten nests. The number of possible nest-sites in the study area is limited as many old, ruined buildings are being replaced by new construc- tions; this colonially breeding bird species therefore suffers from a lack of highly suitable nest-sites and this directly affect breeding success.     

Salophen Copper(II) Complex‐Assisted Click Reactions for Fast Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazoles Based on Naphthalene‐1,4‐dione Scaffold,Antibacterial Evaluation,and Molecular Docking Studies

The salophen copper(II) complex was successfully used for the efficient synthesis of new 1,2,3‐triazoles based on the naphthalene‐1,4‐dione scaffold. The reaction of 2‐chloro‐3‐(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yloxy)naphthalene‐1,4‐dione or 2,3‐bis(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yloxy)naphthalene‐1,4‐dione with aromatic azides in the presence of a low copper catalyst (loading 1 mol‐%) afforded 2‐chloro‐3‐[(1‐phenyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methoxy]naphthalene‐1,4‐dione or 2,3‐bis[(1‐phenyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methoxy]naphthalene‐1,4‐dione, respectively. The advantages of these reactions are short reaction times, high‐to‐excellent reaction yields, operational simplicity, and mild experimental conditions. The new 1,2,3‐triazoles obtained were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activities and were subjected to molecular docking studies.     

Chromosomal Studies in Infertile Men

Prometaphase and metaphase chromosome analyses performed on 70 consecutive men with primary infertility (for a period of at least 2 years) revealed 8 (11.42%) men with some kind of chromosomal abnormality. The highest frequency of abnormal karyotypes (10%) was found among patients with azoospermia and the most frequent anomaly was 47, XXY chromosomal constitution, found in 6 (8.57%) patients. All the chromosomal aberrations found in this study was sex chromosomal type and we did not find any autosomal aberration. All patients with numerical chromosomal anomalies had azoospermia. The incidence of structural aberration in our study was 1.42%. Fifteen patients had different chromosomal variants (21.38%). We suggest that men with azoospermia should be considered for cytogenetic investigation and we report that variants of the Y chromosome have no influence on the sperm count (million/ml) and fertility of men.     

Integrating docking and molecular dynamics approaches for a series of proline-based 2,5-diketopiperazines as novel αβ-tubulin inhibitors

In this work, docking tools were utilized in order to study the binding properties of more than five hundred of proline-based 2,5-diketopiperazine in the binding site of αβ-tubulin. Results revealed that 20 compounds among them showed lower binding energies in comparison with Tryprostatin-A, a well known tubulin inhibitor and therefore could be potential inhibitors of tubulin. However, the precise evaluation of binding poses represents the similar binding modes for all of these compounds and Tryprostatin-A. Finally, the best docked complex was subjected to a 25 ns molecular dynamics simulation to further validate the proposed binding mode of this compound.     

Quantum information teleportation through biological wires,gravitational micro-bio-holes and holographic micro-bio-systems: A hypothesis

Biological systems like cells, bacteria, chloroplasts and other micro-organisms could exchange quantum particles like electrons, photons and gravitational waves and have large distant information teleportation. This is because that their DNAs and membranes are formed from quantum particles like electrons and protons and by their motions, some currents and waves are emerged. These waves have the main role in information teleportation. There are different methods which could be used for quantum information teleportation in biological system. Some of these mechanisms are: 1. Microbes, micro-bubbles and some other biological molecules like to form some biological lines specially near the cellular gates. Also, some biological lines may be formed between two cells. These biological lines could play the role of wires which transmit information from a place to another one. For example, some signatures of this quantum information teleportation could be seen in biological lines which are emerged near the plant cell walls or gates or close to chloroplasts. Chloroplasts shoot some spinors which maybe confined within the micro-bubbles or absorb by microbes. These bubbles and microbes may join to each other and form some biological lines which may be strengthen from a plant cell to another. These biological lines could be seen near the plant cell walls or on a metal which connects two parts of a leaf. 2. Some another signatures of “quantum photon exchange or quantum information teleportation” could be seen between microbes under the objective lenses and macro-objects on the eye lenses of a light microscope. It seems that as microscope make big images from microbes for us, produce small pictures of macro-objects for microbes such as they could diagnose them and interact with them. This property could be used in controlling microbes. 3. Another way for controlling microbes is using of virtual shapes which are induced by a special light source. For example, using a multi-gonal lamp, one can induce multi-gonal shape within the micro-bubbles. Also, this special lamp could force microbes and micro-bubbles to build multi-gonal colonies on a metal-glass slide. Maybe, by using this property, one can build a light source with the shape of anti-microbial matter and induce anti-microbial property within micro-bubbles. 4. Another main way for quantum teleportation is using of gravitational holes which may be emerged by increasing concentration of microbes and heavy cells in some points. These holes absorb microbes and micro-bubbles and conduct them to the heavy cells. Usually, there are some white holes near these dark holes which as a proposal, one can assume that these white holes are another end of gravitational holes and emit photons which are entered from dark end. 5. And finally, a very main mechanism for quantum information teleportation with microbes and controlling them is using of a holography and inducing virtual microbes and biological molecules in biological systems. For example, by a combinations of two lights with different colors under a light microscope in a dark room, one may induce some non-virtual microbes in biological systems such as each microbe interacts with a virtual microbe. This is because that light waves take photos of microbes, collide with lenses of microscopes and return to the slide and form virtual microbes or biological molecules. This technique could be used in curing diseases. Although, results of our experiments show the correctness of these mechanisms and theories, however, for the moment, we propose them only as a proposal and hypothesis and hope that other scientists do similar experiments. Also, some of our experiments may be at preliminary stages; however they could be used as a hypothesis, proposal and guidance.