全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2826篇 |
免费 | 240篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 10篇 |
2022年 | 30篇 |
2021年 | 51篇 |
2020年 | 33篇 |
2019年 | 41篇 |
2018年 | 65篇 |
2017年 | 38篇 |
2016年 | 88篇 |
2015年 | 149篇 |
2014年 | 173篇 |
2013年 | 188篇 |
2012年 | 250篇 |
2011年 | 236篇 |
2010年 | 127篇 |
2009年 | 129篇 |
2008年 | 191篇 |
2007年 | 181篇 |
2006年 | 145篇 |
2005年 | 148篇 |
2004年 | 118篇 |
2003年 | 109篇 |
2002年 | 98篇 |
2001年 | 36篇 |
2000年 | 27篇 |
1999年 | 39篇 |
1998年 | 25篇 |
1997年 | 24篇 |
1996年 | 11篇 |
1995年 | 13篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1992年 | 16篇 |
1991年 | 12篇 |
1990年 | 12篇 |
1989年 | 16篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 17篇 |
1986年 | 13篇 |
1985年 | 14篇 |
1984年 | 15篇 |
1983年 | 19篇 |
1982年 | 13篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 12篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 8篇 |
1973年 | 7篇 |
1972年 | 7篇 |
1971年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有3066条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
951.
Katja Klumpp Tiphaine Tallec Noëlle Guix Jean‐François Soussana 《Global Change Biology》2011,17(12):3534-3545
Intra‐ and interannual variability of precipitation can lead to major modifications of grassland production and carbon storage capacity. Greater understanding of how climatic variability affects net CO2 exchange [i.e. net ecosystem exchange (NEE)] of grazed grasslands is important to adapt grassland management and reduce risks of carbon losses. Since 2002, we continuously measured NEE (i.e. eddy covariance technique) on an upland grassland site (7 ha), divided in two paddocks grazed by heifers (intensive: 1 LSU ha?1 yr?1, 213 kg N ha?1 yr?1 and extensive: 0.5 LSU ha?1 yr?1, no fertilization). For years with dry and warm growing seasons (i.e. 2003, 2005 and 2008), absolute annual NEE was higher in the intensive paddock compared with the extensive paddock. The opposite was observed during years of ample seasonal rainfall and soil moisture (i.e. 2004, 2006 and 2007). Contrasted management led to two distinct plant communities being different in leaf area index (LAI), soil bulk density and soil water holding capacity. Differences in annual NEEs could thus be assigned to interactions between in carbon and water fluxes during dry and wet growth periods. Dry growth periods led to a reduction in weekly gross primary productivity (GPP) in the extensively managed paddock, whereas the GPP was maintained in the intensive paddock. In turn, during wet growth periods, GPP was similar in both paddocks, whereas N amendment and frequent defoliation significantly increased ecosystem respiration in the intensive paddock, presumably through a higher heterotrophic respiration following on a better C substrate quality and availability (rhizodeposition and senescent fine roots). In the extensive paddock, where plant cover was denser (reducing soil temperature) and less decomposable, C losses through heterotrophic respiration were comparatively smaller under wet conditions. Our results demonstrate that grassland subjected to a moderately intensive management could be more resilient in terms of carbon storage during drought and heat waves, presumably because of a trade‐off between heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration. 相似文献
952.
953.
Community-structuring processes continue to be of great interest to plant ecologists, and plant spatial patterns have been
linked to processes including disturbance, dispersal, environmental heterogeneity, and plant interactions. Under the assumption
that the analysis of the spatial structure of plant communities can help to elucidate the type and importance of the predominant
community-structuring processes, many studies have analyzed point pattern data on various plant species. A variety of methods
have been devised to acquire point pattern data for individual plants, however, the classic tradeoff between the speed of
acquisition and the precision of spatial data has meant that large and precise datasets on plant locations are difficult to
obtain. The primary goal of this study was to develop a GPS-based methodology for the rapid collection of precise spatial
data on plant locations in a semi-arid shrubland in the Great Basin, USA. The secondary goal was to demonstrate a potential
application of this approach by using recently developed univariate and bivariate spatial statistics to test for aggregation
within the shrub community, as observed in other semi-arid shrublands. We efficiently mapped 2,358 individuals of five shrub
species with a spatial error of ≤0.02 m, and found strong statistical evidence of fine-scale aggregation (1) independent of
species, (2) within species, and (3) between two species pairs. Our approach is useful for rapidly collecting precise point
pattern data in plant communities, and has other applications related to population modeling, GIS analysis, and conservation. 相似文献
954.
955.
Holger Schmidt Trutz Heinemann Judith Elster Marija Djukic Stefan Harscher Katja Neubieser Hilmar Prange Andreas Kastrup Veit Rohde 《BMC neurology》2011,11(1):77
Background
Decompressive hemicraniectomy is a life-saving procedure for patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarctions. However, the neuropsychological sequelae in such patients have up to now received little attention. In this study we not only describe neuropsychological deficits but also the quality of life and the extent of depression and other psychiatric symptoms in patients after complete media infarction of the non-speech dominant hemisphere. 相似文献956.
The evolutionary fate of an allele ordinarily depends on its contribution to host fitness. Occasionally, however, genetic elements arise that are able to gain a transmission advantage while simultaneously imposing a fitness cost on their hosts. We previously discovered one such element in C. elegans that gains a transmission advantage through a combination of paternal-effect killing and zygotic self-rescue. Here we demonstrate that this element is composed of a sperm-delivered toxin, peel-1, and an embryo-expressed antidote, zeel-1. peel-1 and zeel-1 are located adjacent to one another in the genome and co-occur in an insertion/deletion polymorphism. peel-1 encodes a novel four-pass transmembrane protein that is expressed in sperm and delivered to the embryo via specialized, sperm-specific vesicles. In the absence of zeel-1, sperm-delivered PEEL-1 causes lethal defects in muscle and epidermal tissue at the 2-fold stage of embryogenesis. zeel-1 is expressed transiently in the embryo and encodes a novel six-pass transmembrane domain fused to a domain with sequence similarity to zyg-11, a substrate-recognition subunit of an E3 ubiquitin ligase. zeel-1 appears to have arisen recently, during an expansion of the zyg-11 family, and the transmembrane domain of zeel-1 is required and partially sufficient for antidote activity. Although PEEL-1 and ZEEL-1 normally function in embryos, these proteins can act at other stages as well. When expressed ectopically in adults, PEEL-1 kills a variety of cell types, and ectopic expression of ZEEL-1 rescues these effects. Our results demonstrate that the tight physical linkage between two novel transmembrane proteins has facilitated their co-evolution into an element capable of promoting its own transmission to the detriment of organisms carrying it. 相似文献
957.
Mammalian oocytes are long-lived cells in the human body. They initiate meiosis already in the embryonic ovary, arrest meiotically for long periods in dictyate stage, and resume meiosis only after extensive growth and a surge of luteinizing hormone which mediates signaling events that overcome meiotic arrest. Few mitochondria are initially present in the primordial germ cells while there are mitogenesis and structural and functional differentiation and stage-specific formation of functionally diverse domains of mitochondria during oogenesis. Mitochondria are most prominent cell organelles in oocytes and their activities appear essential for normal spindle formation and chromosome segregation, and they are one of the most important maternal contributions to early embryogenesis. Dysfunctional mitochondria are discussed as major factor in predisposition to chromosomal nondisjunction during first and second meiotic division and mitotic errors in embryos, and in reduced quality and developmental potential of aged oocytes and embryos. Several lines of evidence suggest that damage by oxidative stress/reactive oxygen species in dependence of age, altered antioxidative defence and/or altered environment and bi-directional signaling between oocyte and the somatic cells in the follicle contribute to reduced quality of oocytes and blocked or aberrant development of embryos after fertilization. The review provides an overview of mitogenesis during oogenesis and some recent data on oxidative defence systems in mammalian oocytes, and on age-related changes as well as novel approaches to study redox regulation in mitochondria and ooplasm. The latter may provide new insights into age-, environment- and cryopreservation-induced stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in oocytes and embryos. 相似文献
958.
Katarzyna Roguska Martin A Jünger Katja Köhler Irena Jevtov Hyungwon Choi Alexander Schmidt Alexey I Nesvizhskii Hugo Stocker Ernst Hafen Ruedi Aebersold Matthias Gstaiger 《Molecular systems biology》2011,7(1)
Genetic analysis in Drosophila melanogaster has been widely used to identify a system of genes that control cell growth in response to insulin and nutrients. Many of these genes encode components of the insulin receptor/target of rapamycin (InR/TOR) pathway. However, the biochemical context of this regulatory system is still poorly characterized in Drosophila. Here, we present the first quantitative study that systematically characterizes the modularity and hormone sensitivity of the interaction proteome underlying growth control by the dInR/TOR pathway. Applying quantitative affinity purification and mass spectrometry, we identified 97 high confidence protein interactions among 58 network components. In all, 22% of the detected interactions were regulated by insulin affecting membrane proximal as well as intracellular signaling complexes. Systematic functional analysis linked a subset of network components to the control of dTORC1 and dTORC2 activity. Furthermore, our data suggest the presence of three distinct dTOR kinase complexes, including the evolutionary conserved dTTT complex (Drosophila TOR, TELO2, TTI1). Subsequent genetic studies in flies suggest a role for dTTT in controlling cell growth via a dTORC1‐ and dTORC2‐dependent mechanism. 相似文献
959.
Balakrishnan T Bela-Ong DB Toh YX Flamand M Devi S Koh MB Hibberd ML Ooi EE Low JG Leo YS Gu F Fink K 《PloS one》2011,6(12):e29430
Background
Dengue virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and has four serotypes. Cross-protection to other serotypes lasting for a few months is observed following infection with one serotype. There is evidence that low-affinity T and/or B cells from primary infections contribute to the severe syndromes often associated with secondary dengue infections. such pronounced immune-mediated enhancement suggests a dengue-specific pattern of immune cell activation. This study investigates the acute and early convalescent B cell response leading to the generation of cross-reactive and neutralizing antibodies following dengue infection.Methodology/Principal Findings
We assayed blood samples taken from dengue patients with primary or secondary infection during acute disease and convalescence and compared them to samples from patients presenting with non-dengue related fever. Dengue induced massive early plasmablast formation, which correlated with the appearance of polyclonal, cross-reactive IgG for both primary and secondary infection. Surprisingly, the contribution of IgG to the neutralizing titer 4–7 days after fever onset was more than 50% even after primary infection.Conclusions/Significance
Poly-reactive and virus serotype cross-reactive IgG are an important component of the innate response in humans during both primary and secondary dengue infection, and “innate specificities” seem to constitute part of the adaptive response in dengue. While of potential importance for protection during secondary infection, cross-reactive B cells will also compete with highly neutralizing B cells and possibly interfere with their development. 相似文献960.