草莓高效离体叶片再生体系的建立

以草莓'明宝(Meiho)'和'红颊(Benihope)'的叶片为外植体,研究了不同基本培养基、暗培养时间、植物生长调节剂、叶龄、不同放置方式对其不定芽再生的影响.结果表明:各品种叶片不定芽离体再生的最佳条件不同.'明宝'叶片的最佳不定芽再生培养基为MS+2.5 mg/L TDZ+0.1 mg/L IBA+0.1 mg/L 2,4-D,叶片再生的最佳叶龄为30～40 d,再生率可达82.8%;'红颊'叶片的最佳不定芽再生培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L TDZ+0.1 mg/L IBA+0.1 mg/L 2,4-D,叶片再生的最佳叶龄在10～20 d,再生率可达79.8%.2个品种叶片暗培养14 d可以提高不定芽再生率;叶片正放比反放再生效果好;添加8 mg/L AgNO3和1 000 mg/L活性炭可有效提高再生率.     

阿尔泰蝠蛾(鳞翅目:蝠蛾科)活蛹性别的无损鉴别方法

通过观察阿尔泰蝠蛾雌雄蛹的外部形态结构,并测量其体征和体重数据,寻找可用于鉴别蛹性别的无损方法;再借助于解剖等方法鉴别蛹的确切性别,检测鉴别方法的准确性。结果显示,雌雄蛹在体征和体重数据的分布范围上有重叠,不能籍此区分其雌雄性。然而,雄蛹腹面第8腹节和第9腹节间分节明显,第9腹节未向第8腹节纵伸,生殖孔位于第9腹节上,生殖孔两侧各有一球形突起,生殖孔前缘与肛门前缘间的距离短于肛门的长度;雌蛹不具备以上特征。基于这些特征开发的鉴别阿尔泰蝠蛾蛹雌雄的方法,鉴别活蛹的准确率均为100%(n=180)。该方法对活蛹无损伤、准确、可靠、简便易学。     

Analysis of a clonal lineage of HIV-1 envelope V2/V3 conformational epitope-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies and their inferred unmutated common ancestors

V2/V3 conformational epitope antibodies that broadly neutralize HIV-1 (PG9 and PG16) have been recently described. Since an elicitation of previously known broadly neutralizing antibodies has proven elusive, the induction of antibodies with such specificity is an important goal for HIV-1 vaccine development. A critical question is which immunogens and vaccine formulations might be used to trigger and drive the development of memory B cell precursors with V2/V3 conformational epitope specificity. In this paper we identified a clonal lineage of four V2/V3 conformational epitope broadly neutralizing antibodies (CH01 to CH04) from an African HIV-1-infected broad neutralizer and inferred their common reverted unmutated ancestor (RUA) antibodies. While conformational epitope antibodies rarely bind recombinant Env monomers, a screen of 32 recombinant envelopes for binding to the CH01 to CH04 antibodies showed monoclonal antibody (MAb) binding to the E.A244 gp120 Env and to chronic Env AE.CM243; MAbs CH01 and CH02 also bound to transmitted/founder Env B.9021. CH01 to CH04 neutralized 38% to 49% of a panel of 91 HIV-1 tier 2 pseudoviruses, while the RUAs neutralized only 16% of HIV-1 isolates. Although the reverted unmutated ancestors showed restricted neutralizing activity, they retained the ability to bind to the E.A244 gp120 HIV-1 envelope with an affinity predicted to trigger B cell development. Thus, E.A244, B.9021, and AE.CM243 Envs are three potential immunogen candidates for studies aimed at defining strategies to induce V2/V3 conformational epitope-specific antibodies.     

Memory B cell antibodies to HIV-1 gp140 cloned from individuals infected with clade A and B viruses

Understanding the antibody response to HIV-1 in humans that show broad neutralizing serologic activity is a crucial step in trying to reproduce such responses by vaccination. Investigating antibodies with cross clade reactivity is particularly important as these antibodies may target conserved epitopes on the HIV envelope gp160 protein. To this end we have used a clade B YU-2 gp140 trimeric antigen and single-cell antibody cloning methods to obtain 189 new anti-gp140 antibodies representing 51 independent B cell clones from the IgG memory B cells of 3 patients infected with HIV-1 clade A or B viruses and exhibiting broad neutralizing serologic activity. Our results support previous findings showing a diverse antibody response to HIV gp140 envelope protein, characterized by differentially expanded B-cell clones producing highly hypermutated antibodies with heterogenous gp140-specificity and neutralizing activity. In addition to their high-affinity binding to the HIV spike, the vast majority of the new anti-gp140 antibodies are also polyreactive. Although none of the new antibodies are as broad or potent as VRC01 or PG9, two clonally-related antibodies isolated from a clade A HIV-1 infected donor, directed against the gp120 variable loop 3, rank in the top 5% of the neutralizers identified in our large collection of 185 unique gp140-specific antibodies in terms of breadth and potency.     

High cell-free virus load and robust autologous humoral immune responses in breast milk of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected african green monkeys

The design of immunologic interventions to prevent postnatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) will require identification of protective immune responses in this setting. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus monkeys (RMs), a species that develops an AIDS-like illness following experimental infection, transmit the virus at a high rate during breastfeeding. In contrast, postnatal transmission of SIV occurs rarely or not at all in natural, asymptomatic primate hosts of SIV. These contrasting transmission patterns provide a unique opportunity to study mechanisms that evolved to protect suckling infants from SIV infection. We compared the virologic and immunologic properties of milk of SIV-infected and uninfected natural hosts of SIV, African green monkeys (AGMs), to that of RMs. Interestingly, despite a low number of milk CD4(+) T lymphocytes in uninfected AGMs, milk virus RNA load in SIV-infected AGMs was comparable to that of SIV-infected RMs and that in AGM plasma. This observation is in contrast to the relatively low virus load in milk compared to that in plasma of SIV-infected RMs and HIV-infected women. Milk of SIV-infected AGMs also displayed robust virus-specific cellular immune responses. Importantly, an autologous challenge virus-specific neutralization response was detected in milk of five of six SIV-infected AGMs that was comparable in magnitude to that in plasma. In contrast, autologous challenge virus neutralization was not detectable in milk of SIV-infected RMs. The autologous virus-specific adaptive immune responses in breast milk of AGMs may contribute to impedance of virus transmission in the infant oral/gastrointestinal tract and the rarity of postnatal virus transmission in natural hosts of SIV.     

重组类人胶原蛋白工程菌补料发酵过程建模

对产类人胶原蛋白的重组大肠杆菌Escherichia coli(E. Coli) 的批式和分批-补料培养动力学进行了研究。通过检测发酵过程的基质浓度、菌体量和产物浓度,建立了一组反映发酵的动力学模型,并考虑了非工程菌存在的影响,分析了细胞生长、底物消耗、基因工程产物生成的过程,结果显示该动力学模型可以很好的拟合发酵过程。     

黄土高原樟子松和落叶松与其他树种枯落叶混合分解对土壤的影响

通过采集树木枯落叶与土壤进行室内混合分解培养试验,研究了黄土高原常见的樟子松和落叶松与其他树种枯落叶混合分解对土壤性质的影响及存在的相互作用,从而为不同树木种间关系的探索和该地区人工纯林的混交改造提供科学指导。结果表明:12种枯落叶单一分解均明显提高了土壤脲酶(54%—110%)、脱氢酶(85%—288%)和磷酸酶(81%—301%)活性以及有机质(29%—55%)和碱解N(12%—49%)含量,但对土壤速效P含量和CEC的影响存在较大差异。综合而言,樟子松分别与白桦、刺槐、白榆、柠条和落叶松枯落叶混合分解在对土壤性质的影响中存在相互促进作用,而分别与小叶杨、沙棘、紫穗槐、侧柏和辽东栎枯落叶混合分解在对土壤性质的影响中存在相互抑制作用;落叶松分别与刺槐、白桦、小叶杨和紫穗槐枯落叶混合分解在对土壤性质的影响中存在相互促进作用,而分别与柠条、侧柏、辽东栎、沙棘、油松和白榆枯落叶混合分解在对土壤性质的影响中存在相互抑制作用。     

不同栽培模式对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统产量、氮素累积和平衡的影响

以河北山前平原区秸秆还田条件下小麦-玉米轮作体系为研究对象,设置农民习惯、高产高效、再高产和再高产高效4个模式,通过定位试验探讨各栽培模式对3个轮作周期作物产量、土壤硝态氮累积量及氮平衡的影响.结果表明: 小麦、玉米产量均以再高产模式最高,高产高效和再高产高效模式次之,均显著高于农民习惯模式;小麦季和玉米季氮肥利用效率(PFP)均以高产高效模式最高,显著高于其他模式;0～400 cm土体硝态氮累积量在 768.4～1133.3 kg·hm^-2之间,其中80%～85%累积在根下90～400 cm土层;4种模式的土壤硝态氮均有明显向下淋移现象,120～150 cm和270～330 cm处均出现了累积峰,以270～330 cm土层硝态氮累积量最大;高产高效模式的土壤硝态氮含量整体水平均低于其他模式,浓度基本维持在30 mg·kg^-1以下,在一定程度上能有效缓解环境压力;冬小麦季0～90 cm土体氮素盈余量均小于夏玉米季,并以高产高效模式的氮素表观损失量最低,显著低于其他模式.综合考虑产量、氮肥利用效率、硝态氮累积和氮平衡,以高产高效模式表现最优,但还有一定的提升空间.     

大鼠胰岛分离、培养条件的优化及miR-126表达的检测方法比较

目的:优化SD大鼠胰岛细胞的分离、纯化和培养方法与条件,为研究miR-126在Ⅱ型糖尿病中的作用机制提供活性与功能良好的胰岛细胞及miR-126表达的检测方法。方法:水合氯醛腹腔注射麻醉SD大鼠,采用8 mL胶原酶Ⅴ(含DNaseⅠ100 U)逆行注射、原位消化后Hitopaque-1077梯度离心分离纯化SD大鼠胰岛细胞,从培养后的胰岛细胞中提取总RNA,分别用加尾法和茎环法进行miR-126的反转录,实时定量PCR(qPCR)检测miR-126的表达量。结果:用该方法可从每只SD大鼠中分离、纯化得到胰岛细胞372±45个,胰岛细胞纯度90%,胰岛细胞存活率95%;用加尾法和茎环法qPCR检测miR-126的Cp值分别为34.56±2.56和32.47±2.01。结论:胶原酶Ⅴ(含DNaseⅠ100 U)逆行注射、原位消化可有效避免因消化时胶状物质的产生而导致的胰岛细胞分离失败,Hitopque-1077梯度离心分离方法具有操作简单、便捷、成功率高等特点,可得到活性与功能较好的胰岛细胞;与加尾法相比,茎环法能够更灵敏地检测胰岛细胞miR-126的表达量。