The mouse Fc receptor for IgG (Ly-17) : molecular cloning and specificity

A cDNA clone encoding the mouse Ly-17⁺ Fc receptor for IgG, isolated from a myelomonocytic cell line, was sequenced and expression of mRNA and the functional FcR investigated. The receptor is a 301 amino acid transmembrane glycoprotein with two homologous extracellular domains that are also homologous to members of the Ig superfamily. The receptor has four sites of N-linked glycosylation and a long 94 amino acid cytoplasmic tail. Northern analysis, immune complex binding, and serological studies demonstrate that the receptor encoded by the cDNA clone binds mouse IgG_1/2b and rabbit IgG complexes.     

Proteolytic cleavage of IgG and other protein substrates by Dirofilaria immitis microfilarial enzymes

Proteases were detected in aqueous extracts of Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae. Enzymes within the extract were capable of hydrolyzing Azocoll, a general protease substrate, at pH's 7, 8, and 9. Sensitivities to a variety of protease inhibitors indicated that multiple azocollytic enzymes were present in the extract, most prominent of which appear to belong to the serine class of proteases. By incorporating various substrates into the matrices of polyacrylamide gels, 2 SDS-resistant, mercaptoethanol-sensitive proteases in the MF extract were identified at 22 and 76 kDa. These proteases showed differential abilities to digest casein, fibrinogen, hemoglobin, and IgG. The MF extract hydrolyzed radiolabeled IgG into 8-10-kDa fragments following a 20-hr incubation. A similar degree of digestion was observed in 2 hr when viable microfilariae were used. The potential significance of these proteases in the evasion of host effector mechanisms is discussed.     

Extrapolation from in vitro tests to human risk: experience with sodium fluoride clastogenicity

Genotoxic effects observed in vitro, only at high doses or high levels of cytotoxicity, will be false positives if such conditions are not achieved or cannot be tolerated in vivo. However, for such effects to be disregarded there must be a threshold dose or level of cytotoxicity below which genotoxicity is absent. Sodium fluoride (NaF) has previously been shown to be clastogenic in vitro in Syrian hamster cells and human fibroblasts. We have extended these studies in human fibroblasts and included a positive control (mitomycin C, MMC) which is clastogenic in vivo and carcinogenic, and a chemically related control (NaCl). Cytotoxicity was measured as mitotic inhibition and cell death (loss of clonogenicity). The results are used to illustrate the problems associated with quantitative extrapolation from in vitro tests to human risk, as follows. (1) There appears to be a threshold response (clastogenicity vs. dose) with NaF at around 10 micrograms/ml (48 h exposure) but a more definitive conclusion must await elucidation of the mechanisms of clastogenicity. (2) NaCl is weakly clastogenic at 1000 times the threshold dose for NaF. The mechanisms are unlikely to be similar. (3) No clastogenicity was detected with NaF below about 30% mitotic inhibition but the relationship between clastogenicity and mitotic inhibition was similar for NaF and MMC. (4) There was no obvious threshold in the relationship between clastogenicity and cell killing with NaF. MMC was less clastogenic than NaF at equitotoxic doses. Observations 3 and 4 preclude the possibility of regarding the clastogenicity of NaF as a false positive by virtue of associated cytotoxicity.     

Purification and properties of L-mandelate dehydrogenase and comparison with other membrane-bound dehydrogenases from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.

L-Mandelate dehydrogenase was purified from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus by Triton X-100 extraction from a 'wall + membrane' fraction, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and gel filtration followed by further ion-exchange chromatography. The purified enzyme was partially characterized with respect to its subunit Mr (44,000), pH optimum (7.5), pI value (4.2), substrate specificity and susceptibility to various potential inhibitors including thiol-blocking reagents. FMN was identified as the non-covalently bound cofactor. The properties of L-mandelate dehydrogenase are compared with those of D-mandelate dehydrogenase, D-lactate dehydrogenase and L-lactate dehydrogenase from A. calcoaceticus.     

Evolution of the Ribosomal DNA Spacers of Drosophila melanogaster : Different Patterns of Variation on X and Y Chromosomes

Length variation of the ribosomal gene spacers of Drosophila melanogaster was studied. Analysis of 47 X chromosomal and 47 Y chromosomal linked rDNA arrays collected from five continents indicates that the arrays on the two chromosomes differ qualitatively. The Y-linked arrays from around the world share little or no similarity for either their overall length or the organization of their spacers. Most of the X-linked arrays do, however, share a major length spacer of 5.1 kb. In addition, those X-linked arrays that have a major 5.1-kb band have similar spacer organization as demonstrated by genomic DNA digestions with several restriction enzymes. These data strongly support the hypothesis that spacer length patterns on only X-linked genes are maintained primarily by natural selection.     

Insulin-like growth factor-II receptors in cultured rat hepatocytes: regulation by cell density

Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) receptors in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes were characterized and their regulation by cell density examined. In hepatocytes cultured at 5 X 10(5) cells per 3.8 cm2 plate [125I]IGF-II bound to specific, high affinity receptors (Ka = 4.4 +/- 0.5 X 10(9) l/mol). Less than 1% cross-reactivity by IGF-I and no cross-reactivity by insulin were observed. IGF-II binding increased when cells were permeabilized with 0.01% digitonin, suggesting the presence of an intracellular receptor pool. Determined by Scatchard analysis and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after affinity labeling, the higher binding was due solely to an increase in binding sites present on 220 kDa type II IGF receptors. In hepatocytes cultured at low densities, the number of cell surface receptors increased markedly, from 10-20,000 receptors per cell at a culture density of 6 X 10(5) cells/well to 70-80,000 receptors per cell at 0.38 X 10(5) cells/well. The increase was not due simply to the exposure of receptors from the intracellular pool, as a density-related increase in receptors was also seen in cells permeabilized with digitonin. There was no evidence that IGF binding proteins, either secreted by hepatocytes or present in fetal calf serum, had any effect on the measurement of receptor concentration or affinity. We conclude that rat hepatocytes in primary culture contain specific IGF-II receptors and that both cell surface and intracellular receptors are regulated by cell density.     

Animal models in Q fever: pathological responses of inbred mice to phase I Coxiella burnetii

The susceptibility of inbred strains of mice to infection by phase I Coxiella burnetii, the aetiological agent of Q fever, was investigated by evaluating morbidity, mortality, antibody production and in vitro proliferative responses of splenic lymphocytes. Among the 47 strains of mice tested for morbidity and mortality to C. burnetii infection, 33 were resistant, 10 were of intermediate sensitivity, and four were sensitive. A/J mice exhibited the highest mortality, and surviving mice of this strain yielded high concentrations of viable rickettsiae from essentially all organs for more than 3 weeks after inoculation. However, A/J mice developed a protective immune response after vaccination with inactivated C. burnetii cells. Induction of gross pathological responses and antibody production were similar in sensitive mice (strain A/J) and resistant mice (strain C57BL/6J). The LD50 of phase I C. burnetii for A/J mice was about 1000-fold lower than that for the more resistant C57BL/6J mice. Mice of both strains developed antibody titres against phase I cells, phase II cells, and phase I lipopolysaccharide after the injection of one or more viable phase I organisms of C. burnetii; five or more rickettsiae caused splenomegaly that was almost proportional to the infecting dose. Suppression of in vitro proliferative responses of splenic lymphocytes to concanavalin A, a T-cell mitogen, was apparent after infection of sensitive A/J mice with as few as one to five phase I micro-organisms. However, suppression of proliferation of splenic lymphocytes from resistant C57BL/6J mice required 10(7) phase I C. burnetii.     

Lymphoma models for B cell activation and tolerance. VI. Reversal of anti-Ig-mediated negative signaling by T cell-derived lymphokines

We have recently described three "immature" B cell lymphomas which are exquisitely sensitive to growth inhibition by anti-Ig reagents and may serve as models for tolerance induction in normal B cells. These cells are inhibited from cell cycle progression into S after receiving a negative signal in early G1. In this paper, we demonstrate that the growth inhibition by anti-Ig can be prevented and reversed by the addition of supernatants from T cell lines. One such line, called Tova, produces factors which restore normal levels of DNA synthesis in the presence of concentrations of anti-Fab or anti-kappa immunoglobulins which cause up to a 90% inhibition of thymidine incorporation in a 2- to 3-day culture period. This factor is at least partially effective when added up to 24 hr after anti-Ig to unsynchronized lymphoma cells and it does not alter the growth of control cultures. Studies using synchronized lymphoma cells indicated that the T cell factor permitted cycle progression into S when added during the early G1 exposure to anti-kappa and was less effective when added late in G1. Preliminary characterization suggests that both B cell growth factor II (interleukin 5) and B cell stimulatory factor 1 (interleukin 4) have additive activity in this system, although another unidentified lymphokine may also be involved. The relevance of T cell reversal of Ig receptor-mediated negative signaling to neonatal B cell tolerance is emphasized.     

Genetic transformation of flax (Linum usitatissimum) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens: regeneration of transformed shoots via a callus phase

Genetic transformation of flax (Linum usitatissimum) has been achieved using an A. tumefaciens strain carrying a non-oncogenic Ti plasmid-derived vector containing a chimaeric npt-II gene and a wild type nopaline synthase gene. Fertile, transformed shoots were most easily obtained from Km^r callus developing on hypocotyl sections. The totipotency of the Km^r callus was dependent upon its origin. T-DNA was visualised by Southern blotting in all Km^r tissues. Efficient expression of nopaline synthase and the chimaeric npt-II gene was found in transformed Km^r callus and regenerated shoots.Abbreviations npt-II neomycin phosphotransferase II gene - NPT-II neomycin phosphotransferase II - nos nopaline synthase gene promoter - Km^r kanamycin resistant - BAP 6-benzylaminopurine - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - MSD4×2 medium D4×2 based on Murashige & Skoog medium (see Scott & Draper, 1987)     

Reduction of the C2 and C4 vinyl groups of Sn-protoporphyrin to form Sn-mesoporphyrin markedly enhances the ability of the metalloporphyrin to inhibit in vivo heme catabolism

Sn (tin)-mesoporphyrin (Sn-protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at C2 and C4 have been reduced to ethyl groups) when incubated with rat splenic microsomal heme oxygenase proved to be a potent competitive inhibitor of enzyme activity in vitro, with a Ki of 0.014 microM. Sn-mesoporphyrin (1 mumol/kg body wt) also inhibited hepatic, renal, and splenic heme oxygenase activity in vivo in adult animals for extended periods of time. Sn-mesoporphyrin (1 mumol/kg body wt) prevented the transient increase in serum bilirubin 24 h after birth in the rat neonate and substantially reduced the levels of serum bilirubin in ALA (delta-aminolevulinic acid) induced hyperbilirubinemia in the 7-day-old suckling neonate. Tissue heme oxygenase activity was decreased in both animal models of hyperbilirubinemia. Sn-mesoporphyrin administration led to a prolonged increase in the heme saturation of hepatic tryptophan pyrrolase indicating an increase in the "heme pool" related to tryptophan pyrrolase and the compound also suppressed chemically induced hepatic porphyria. The administration of Sn-mesoporphyrin to bile duct-cannulated rats was followed by a prompt and sustained decrease in bilirubin output in bile. In addition the excretion of heme in bile was enhanced in these animals. These studies indicate that Sn-mesoporphyrin, like Sn-protoporphyrin, decreases serum bilirubin by inhibiting the production of bilirubin in vivo and its mode of action is through a sustained competitive inhibition of heme oxygenase. However, when a direct comparison of Sn-protoporphyrin and Sn-mesoporphyrin was made, these studies clearly established that the reduction of the C2 and C4 vinyl groups of the porphyrin macrocycle to ethyl groups increases the effectiveness of the Sn-mesoporphyrin derivative 10-fold or more as compared with Sn-protoporphyrin in inhibiting heme catabolism in the animal model systems examined. Thus alterations in the side chain substituents as well as of the central metal atom can influence in a significant manner the potency of the resultant synthetic heme analog as an agent capable of inhibiting heme degradation in vivo.