The influence of concentric and eccentric loading on the finger pulley system

In this study we investigated the influence of the loading condition (concentric vs. eccentric loading) on the pulley system of the finger. For this purpose 39 cadaver finger (14 hands, 10 donors) were fixed into an isokinetic loading device. The forces in the flexor tendons and at the fingertip were recorded. In the concentric loading condition A2 and A4 ruptures as well as alternative events such as fracture of a phalanx or avulsion of the flexor tendons were almost equally distributed, whereas the A2 pulley rupture was the most common event (59%) in the eccentric loading condition and alternative events were rare (23.5%). The forces in the deep flexor tendon, the fingertip and in the pulleys were significantly lower in the eccentric loading condition. As the ruptures occurred at lower loads in the eccentric than in the concentric loading condition it can be concluded that friction may be an advantage for climbers, supporting the holding force of their flexor muscles but may also increase the susceptibility to injury.     

Ingestion of food by the adult screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana (Diptera, Calliphoridae)

When females of the screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve, were given a choice of solutions of protein, sucrose and water, their protein intake was substantial only on days 2, 3 and 4 after emergence, and during the 3 days following the first oviposition. Protein consumption by males remained consistently low for 10 days following emergence.Protein ingestion by laboratory-bred autogenous and anautogenous females, autogenous wild females of C. bezziana, and females of the anautogenous blowly species, Chrysomya megacephala (F), was compared. During the first ovarian cycle (days 1–6), protein solution accounted for 9.5% and 9.4% of the total liquid intake of laboratory-bred and wild anautogenous females of C. bezziana. Protein ingestion by C. megacephala females during the first ovarian cycle represented 23% of the total liquids. During the second ovarian cycle in C. bezziana, protein ingestion represented 21% of total liquids.The presence of dry sucrose or sucrose solution of high concentration depressed protein intake during the first ovarian cycle in C. bezziana.Most feeding by females occurred during the photophase with early morning and late evening peaks in carbohydrate ingestion and a late afternoon peak in protein ingestion.The ecological implications of the results are discussed.

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Résumé Quand les femelles de Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve ont le choix entre des solutions de protéine, de sucrose et d'eau, la consommation de protéines n'est importante que lesond, troisième et quatrième jours après l'émergence, et pendant les 3 jours suivant la première ponte. La consommation de protéines par les mâles reste faible pendant les 10 jours qui suivent l'émergence.Les consommations de protéines par des femmelles de Chrysomya bezziana (sauvages autogènes, elevées en laboratoire autogènes et anautogènes) et par des femelles de l'espèce anautogène Chrysomya megacephala F. ont été comparées. Pendant le premier cycle ovarien (jours 1 à 6) les solutions de protéine ingérées par les femelles autogènes (issues du laboratoire et sauvages de Chrysomya bezziana) correspondent respectivement à 9,5% et 9,4% du liquide total absorbé. Pendant le premier cycle ovarien la quantité de protéine ingérée par les femelles de Chrysomya megacephala représente 23% du liquide absorbé total. Pendant le second cycle ovarien de Chrysomya bezziana, les protéines ingérées représentent 21% de l'absorption totale de liquide.La présence de sucrose sec ou en liquide à concentration élevée réduit la consommation de protéines pendant le premier cycle ovarien de Chrysomya bezziana.L'essentiel de l'alimentation des femelles en carbohydrates a lieu pendant la photophase avec des pics tôt le matin et tard le soir, et avec un pic en find d'après midi pour les protéines.Les conséquences écologiques de ces résultats sont discutées.

     

Digitonin-Permeabilized Cells Are Exocytosis Competent

Release of norepinephrine from PC12 cells can be stimulated by free Ca2+ in micromolar concentrations after permeabilization with 10 micrograms/ml of digitonin. This release is time and temperature dependent, half-maximal at 0.3 microM Ca2+, and, after washing out of endogenous ATP, half-maximal at about 0.5 mM MgATP when exogenously added. Similar results were obtained with bovine adrenal chromaffin cells using the same protocol. Support for the idea that the mechanism of release from both permeabilized cell types is still exocytosis is demonstrated at the electron microscopic level by immunolabeling chromaffin granule membrane antigens that were introduced into the plasma membrane following stimulation. Electron micrographs furthermore demonstrate that chromaffin granules retain typical dense cores after permeabilization, indicating that leakiness of catecholamines from the granules was not a major factor. Pores, formed by digitonin in the plasma membranes, were utilized to introduce antibodies into such exocytosis-competent cells. Anti-actin and anti-chromaffin granule membrane antibodies show a staining pattern similar to conventionally fixed and stained preparations. Our results demonstrate that pores formed by digitonin do not impair the process of exocytosis although they are big enough to allow macromolecules to pass in both directions. The digitonin-permeabilized cell is therefore an ideal in vitro system with which to study the fusion process between chromaffin granules and the plasma membrane.