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11.
Background
There have been many algorithms and software programs implemented for the inference of multiple sequence alignments of protein and DNA sequences. The "true" alignment is usually unknown due to the incomplete knowledge of the evolutionary history of the sequences, making it difficult to gauge the relative accuracy of the programs. 相似文献12.
Background
Questions regarding the distribution of stress in the proximal human femur have never been adequately resolved. Traditionally, by considering the femur in isolation, it has been believed that the effect of body weight on the projecting neck and head places the superior aspect of the neck in tension. A minority view has proposed that this region is in compression because of muscular forces pulling the femur into the pelvis. Little has been done to study stress distributions in the proximal femur. We hypothesise that under physiological loading the majority of the proximal femur is in compression and that the internal trabecular structure functions as an arch, transferring compressive stresses to the femoral shaft. 相似文献13.
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare, aggressive hematopoietic neoplasm, which in the past was also known variously as blastic NK cell lymphoma, agranular CD4+ natural killer cell leukemia, and CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm. BPDCN is now believed to arise from plasmacytoid dendritic cells, but its exact etiology is still unknown. We report here on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology of a BPDCN, a hypercellular specimen comprised of malignant, singly dispersed cells with scant to moderate amounts of pale blue, agranular cytoplasm, and uniform round to oval nuclei, fine chromatin, prominent nucleoli, occasional cytoplasmic microvacuoles, and pseudopodia. Neither mitoses nor karyorrhexis were identified. Flow cytometry of the CSF demonstrated that the malignant cells expressed bright CD45, HLA-DR and CD33, dim CD4, heterogeneous CD56, and partial CD123. The importance of clinical, histopathological, and phenotypic correlation is emphasized. Clinical and histopathological correlation and a literature review are also presented. The poor clinical outcome makes it important to accurately report this rare tumor in a CSF specimen. 相似文献
14.
Insect seed predation may vary depending on seed production. The present study considers the hypothesis that the rates of seed predation tend to be smaller in years of higher fruit production. Thus, we monitored the production of fruits and predation of seeds of the palm Syagrus romanzoffiana over 2?years in the Atlantic Forest (Parque Municipal da Lagoa do Peri, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil), between July 2006 and June 2008. Plots of 0.25?m2 were fitted under 20 mother plants and fruits were monthly collected for assessment of abundance and seed predation. There was variation in fruit production between the 2?years and among reproductive plants. Predation rates were high and occurred in the predispersal phase by the Curculionidae Revena rubiginosa Boheman, Anchylorhynchus aegrotus Fahraeus, and Anchylorhynchus variabilis Gyllenhal. Seed predation by these species of Anchylorhynchus is first registered in the present study. In average, about 60% of the seeds monthly produced in the population tend to escape insect predation in year of high or low production, becoming available for recruitment. The predation rate was not related to the amount of fruits produced per reproductive plant. Also, different than expected, there was a positive relation between the rates of seed predation and the total of fruits produced monthly on the plots. Thus, no evidence for the satiation of insect seed predators was found in this study with S. romanzoffiana. 相似文献
15.
Development and performance of a 3D‐printable poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogel suitable for enzyme entrapment and long‐term biocatalytic applications 下载免费PDF全文
Physical entrapment of enzymes within a porous matrix is a fast and gentle process to immobilize biocatalysts to enable their recycling and long‐term use. This study introduces the development of a biocompatible 3D‐printing material suitable for enzyme entrapment, while having good rheological and UV‐hardening properties. Three different viscosity‐enhancing additives have been tested in combination with a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate‐based hydrogel system. The addition of polyxanthan or hectorite clay particles results in hydrogels that degrade over hours or days, releasing entrapped compounds. In contrast, the addition of nanometer‐sized silicate particles ensures processability while preventing disintegration of the hydrogel. Lattice structures with a total height of 6 mm consisting of 40 layers were 3D‐printed with all materials and characterized by image analysis. Rheological measurements identified a shear stress window of 200 < τ < 500 Pa at shear rates of 25 s?1 and 25°C for well‐defined geometries with an extrusion‐based printhead. Enzymes immobilized in these long‐term stable hydrogel structures retained an effective activity of approximately 10% compared to the free enzyme in solution. It could be shown that the reduction of effective activity is not caused by a significant reduction of the intrinsic enzyme activity but by mass transfer limitations within the printed hydrogel structures. 相似文献
16.
Changes in odor quality discrimination following recovery from olfactory nerve transection 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
Following recovery from olfactory nerve transection, animals regain their
ability to discriminate between odors. Odor discrimination is restored
after new neurons establish connections with the olfactory bulb. However,
it is not known if the new connections alter odor quality perception. To
address this question, 20 adult hamsters were first trained to discriminate
between cinnamon and strawberry odors. After reaching criterion (> or =
90% correct response), half of the animals received a bilateral nerve
transection (BTX) and half a surgical sham procedure. Animals were not
tested again until day 40, a point in recovery when connections are
re-established with the bulb. When BTX animals were tested without food
reinforcement, they could not perform the odor discrimination task. Sham
animals, however, could discriminate, demonstrating that the behavioral
response had not been extinguished during the 40 day period. When
reinforcement was resumed, BTX animals were able to discriminate between
cinnamon and strawberry after four test sessions. In addition, their
ability to discriminate between these two familiar odors was no different
than that of BTX and sham animals tested with two novel odors, baby powder
and coffee. These findings suggest that, after recovery from nerve
transection, there are alterations in sensory perception and that
restoration of odor quality discrimination requires that the animal must
again learn to associate individual odor sensations with a behavioral
response.
相似文献
17.
Juliana M Sousa-Canavez Flavio C Canavez Kátia RM Leite Luiz H Camara-Lopes 《Genetic vaccines and therapy》2008,6(1):1-7
Background
Electroporation is an established technique for enhancing plasmid delivery to many tissues in vivo, including the skin. We have previously demonstrated efficient delivery of plasmid DNA to the skin utilizing a custom-built four-plate electrode. The experiments described here further evaluate cutaneous plasmid delivery using in vivo electroporation. Plasmid expression levels are compared to those after liposome mediated delivery.Methods
Enhanced electrically-mediated delivery, and less extensively, liposome complexed delivery, of a plasmid encoding the reporter luciferase was tested in rodent skin. Expression kinetics and tissue damage were explored as well as testing in a second rodent model.Results
Experiments confirm that electroporation alone is more effective in enhancing reporter gene expression than plasmid injection alone, plasmid conjugation with liposomes followed by injection, or than the combination of liposomes and electroporation. However, with two time courses of multiple electrically-mediated plasmid deliveries, neither the levels nor duration of transgene expression are significantly increased. Tissue damage may increase following a second treatment, no further damage is observed after a third treatment. When electroporation conditions utilized in a mouse model are tested in thicker rat skin, only higher field strengths or longer pulses were as effective in plasmid delivery.Conclusion
Electroporation enhances reporter plasmid delivery to the skin to a greater extent than the liposome conjugation method tested. Multiple deliveries do not necessarily result in higher or longer term expression. In addition, some impact on tissue integrity with respect to surface damage is observed. Pulsing conditions should be optimized for the model and for the expression profile desired. 相似文献18.
Smith TD Rossie JB Cooper GM Schmieg RM Bonar CJ Mooney MP Siegel MI 《American journal of physical anthropology》2011,144(3):392-410
In anthropoid primates, it has been hypothesized that the magnitude of maxillary sinus growth is influenced by adjacent dental and soft tissue matrices. Relatively, little comparative evidence exists for the perinatal period when secondary pneumatization is at its earliest stages in some primates. Here, dental and midfacial variables were studied in a perinatal sample of four anthropoid primates, including three callitrichines (Leontopithecus, Saguinus, and Callithrix) and Saimiri boliviensis. In the latter species, the maxillary recess (the ontogenetic precursor to a "true" maxillary sinus) does not undergo secondary pneumatization. Using histological methods and micro-computed tomography, midfacial and dental dimensions and radiographic hydroxyapatite density of tooth cusps were measured. The distribution of osteoclasts and osteoblasts was also documented. Kruskal-Wallis's one-way analysis of variance tests indicates significant (P < 0.05) differences among groups for dental and midfacial measurements. In particular, the posterior maxillary dentition is relatively larger and more mineralized in Saimiri compared to the callitrichines. At posterior dental levels, Saimiri has the lowest palatonasal index [interdental (palatal) width/width of the nasal cavity] and highest bizygomatic-interorbital index. Distribution of osteoclasts indicates that the inferomedial surfaces of the orbits are resorptive in perinatal Saimiri, whereas, in all callitrichines, these surfaces are depository. Taken together, these findings suggest that pneumatization in Saimiri is suppressed by an inward growth trajectory of the orbits, relatively large posterior dentition, and a correspondingly compressed nasal region. 相似文献
19.
Mariana A Antunes Soraia C Abreu Fernanda F Cruz Ana Clara Teixeira Miquéias Lopes-Pacheco Elga Bandeira Priscilla C Olsen Bruno L Diaz Christina M Takyia Isalira PRG Freitas Nazareth N Rocha Vera L Capelozzi Débora G Xisto Daniel J Weiss Marcelo M Morales Patricia RM Rocco 《Respiratory research》2014,15(1)
We sought to assess whether the effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) on lung inflammation and remodeling in experimental emphysema would differ according to MSC source and administration route. Emphysema was induced in C57BL/6 mice by intratracheal (IT) administration of porcine pancreatic elastase (0.1 UI) weekly for 1 month. After the last elastase instillation, saline or MSCs (1×105), isolated from either mouse bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AD) or lung tissue (L), were administered intravenously (IV) or IT. After 1 week, mice were euthanized. Regardless of administration route, MSCs from each source yielded: 1) decreased mean linear intercept, neutrophil infiltration, and cell apoptosis; 2) increased elastic fiber content; 3) reduced alveolar epithelial and endothelial cell damage; and 4) decreased keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC, a mouse analog of interleukin-8) and transforming growth factor-β levels in lung tissue. In contrast with IV, IT MSC administration further reduced alveolar hyperinflation (BM-MSC) and collagen fiber content (BM-MSC and L-MSC). Intravenous administration of BM- and AD-MSCs reduced the number of M1 macrophages and pulmonary hypertension on echocardiography, while increasing vascular endothelial growth factor. Only BM-MSCs (IV > IT) increased the number of M2 macrophages. In conclusion, different MSC sources and administration routes variably reduced elastase-induced lung damage, but IV administration of BM-MSCs resulted in better cardiovascular function and change of the macrophage phenotype from M1 to M2. 相似文献
20.
Budding yeast Rif1 binds to replication origins and protects DNA at blocked replication forks 下载免费PDF全文
Shin‐ichiro Hiraga Chandre Monerawela Yuki Katou Sophie Shaw Kate RM Clark Katsuhiko Shirahige Anne D Donaldson 《EMBO reports》2018,19(9)
Despite its evolutionarily conserved function in controlling DNA replication, the chromosomal binding sites of the budding yeast Rif1 protein are not well understood. Here, we analyse genome‐wide binding of budding yeast Rif1 by chromatin immunoprecipitation, during G1 phase and in S phase with replication progressing normally or blocked by hydroxyurea. Rif1 associates strongly with telomeres through interaction with Rap1. By comparing genomic binding of wild‐type Rif1 and truncated Rif1 lacking the Rap1‐interaction domain, we identify hundreds of Rap1‐dependent and Rap1‐independent chromosome interaction sites. Rif1 binds to centromeres, highly transcribed genes and replication origins in a Rap1‐independent manner, associating with both early and late‐initiating origins. Interestingly, Rif1 also binds around activated origins when replication progression is blocked by hydroxyurea, suggesting association with blocked forks. Using nascent DNA labelling and DNA combing techniques, we find that in cells treated with hydroxyurea, yeast Rif1 stabilises recently synthesised DNA. Our results indicate that, in addition to controlling DNA replication initiation, budding yeast Rif1 plays an ongoing role after initiation and controls events at blocked replication forks. 相似文献