全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1289篇 |
免费 | 167篇 |
专业分类
1456篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 13篇 |
2021年 | 17篇 |
2020年 | 16篇 |
2019年 | 19篇 |
2018年 | 19篇 |
2017年 | 20篇 |
2016年 | 26篇 |
2015年 | 38篇 |
2014年 | 46篇 |
2013年 | 62篇 |
2012年 | 81篇 |
2011年 | 58篇 |
2010年 | 45篇 |
2009年 | 50篇 |
2008年 | 67篇 |
2007年 | 54篇 |
2006年 | 57篇 |
2005年 | 49篇 |
2004年 | 49篇 |
2003年 | 46篇 |
2002年 | 49篇 |
2001年 | 53篇 |
2000年 | 45篇 |
1999年 | 27篇 |
1998年 | 15篇 |
1997年 | 14篇 |
1996年 | 14篇 |
1995年 | 13篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 19篇 |
1992年 | 20篇 |
1991年 | 20篇 |
1990年 | 20篇 |
1989年 | 19篇 |
1988年 | 28篇 |
1987年 | 16篇 |
1986年 | 14篇 |
1985年 | 24篇 |
1984年 | 17篇 |
1983年 | 12篇 |
1982年 | 13篇 |
1980年 | 11篇 |
1978年 | 11篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 10篇 |
1975年 | 10篇 |
1974年 | 10篇 |
1972年 | 9篇 |
1970年 | 7篇 |
1969年 | 9篇 |
排序方式: 共有1456条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
The production of stable cell lines is an important technique in cell biology, and it is often the rate-limiting step in studies involving the characterization of the function of novel genes or gene mutations. To facilitate this process, a novel family of retroviral vectors, the pE vector family, has been generated. The retroviral sequences in the pE vectors have been taken from the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV) vector pMFG, which has been shown to express cDNA inserts more consistently and at higher levels than earlier generations of MMLV vectors. These vectors contain four different internal ribosome entry site-selectable markers, allowing high-efficiency selection of transductants expressing the desired cDNA. The pE vectors have an episomal design to allow long-term production of high-titer virus without the need for subcloning the producer line. Using a strategy of combinatorial infection followed by combinatorial drug selection, we demonstrate that the pE vectors can be used to generate stable, polyclonal cell lines expressing at least three novel cDNAs in less than 2 weeks. The use of these vectors will thus dramatically accelerate the production of complex stable cell lines. 相似文献
72.
73.
Maintaining accuracy at the expense of speed: stimulus similarity defines odor discrimination time in mice 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
Odor discrimination times and their dependence on stimulus similarity were evaluated to test temporal and spatial models of odor representation in mice. In a go/no-go operant conditioning paradigm, discrimination accuracy and time were determined for simple monomolecular odors and binary mixtures of odors. Mice discriminated simple odors with an accuracy exceeding 95%. Binary mixtures evoking highly overlapping spatiotemporal patterns of activity in the olfactory bulb were discriminated equally well. However, while discriminating simple odors in less than 200 ms, mice required 70-100 ms more time to discriminate highly similar binary mixtures. We conclude that odor discrimination in mice is fast and stimulus dependent. Thus, the underlying neuronal mechanisms act on a fast timescale, requiring only a brief epoch of odor-specific spatiotemporal representations to achieve rapid discrimination of dissimilar odors. The fine discrimination of highly similar stimuli, however, requires temporal integration of activity, suggesting a tradeoff between accuracy and speed. 相似文献
74.
McDowell LM Poliks B Studelska DR O'Connor RD Beusen DD Schaefer J 《Journal of biomolecular NMR》2004,28(1):11-29
The 46-kD enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase catalyzes the condensation of shikimate-3-phosphate (S3P) and phosphoenolpyruvate to form EPSP. The reaction is inhibited by N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine (Glp), which, in the presence of S3P, binds to EPSP synthase to form a stable ternary complex. We have used solid-state NMR and molecular modeling to characterize the EPSP synthase-S3P-Glp ternary complex. Modeling began with the crystal coordinates of the unliganded protein, published distance restraints, and information from the chemical modification and mutagenesis literature on EPSP synthase. New inter-ligand and ligand-protein distances were obtained. These measurements utilized the native (31)P in S3P and Glp, biosynthetically (13)C-labeled S3P, specifically (13)C and (15)N labeled Glp, and a variety of protein-(15)N labels. Several models were investigated and tested for accuracy using the results of both new and previously published rotational-echo double resonance (REDOR) NMR experiments. The REDOR model is compared with the recently published X-ray crystal structure of the ternary complex, PDB code 1G6S. There is general agreement between the REDOR model and the crystal structure with respect to the global folding of the two domains of EPSP synthase and the relative positioning of S3P and Glp in the binding pocket. However, some of the REDOR data are in disagreement with predictions based on the coordinates of 1G6S, particularly those of the five arginines lining the binding site. We attribute these discrepancies to substantive differences in sample preparation for REDOR and X-ray crystallography. We applied the REDOR restraints to the 1G6S coordinates and created a REDOR-refined xray structure that agrees with the NMR results. 相似文献
75.
76.
77.
Zhou L Fayer R Trout JM Ryan UM Schaefer FW Xiao L 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2004,70(12):7574-7577
Of 471 specimens examined from foxes, raccoons, muskrats, otters, and beavers living in wetlands adjacent to the Chesapeake Bay, 36 were positive for five types of Cryptosporidium, including the C. canis dog and fox genotypes, Cryptosporidium muskrat genotypes I and II, and Cryptosporidium skunk genotype. Thus, fur-bearing mammals in watersheds excreted host-adapted Cryptosporidium oocysts that are not known to be of significant public health importance. 相似文献
78.
BACKGROUND: IL-18 is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in the polarisation of T-cell response. This study was performed to determine whether or not IL-18 is detectable in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or betalactoglobulin (BLG) stimulated supernatants of cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) and to study the in vitro effect of IL-18 on the interferon (IFN)-gaamma and IL-13 release of CBMC of healthy neonates. METHODS: CBMC of neonates were isolated by Ficoll density centrifugation. The cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-13 and IL-18 in the cell culture supernatants were measured using the ELISA technique following stimulation with a unspecific (PHA 20 microg/ml) and an allergen-specific stimulus (BLG 25 microg/ml). In order to study the in vitro effect of IL-18, CBMC were stimulated either with medium alone or with IL-18, IL-18 + PHA and IL-18 + BLG. RESULTS: IL-18 levels in supernatants of CBMC were low and did not vary significantly between unstimulated and PHA or BLG stimulated cell cultures (median 21.4; 23.5 and 15.5 pg/ml, respectively). IFN-gamma and IL-13 levels were significantly higher in response to PHA and BLG (PHA: IFN-gamma, 6154; IL-13, 4357; BLG: IFN-gamma, 801; IL-13, 249 pg/ml) compared to unstimulated cell cultures. The addition of IL-18 to PHA or BLG stimulated CBMC significantly enhanced the IFN-gamma release (PHA: 6154; PHA + IL-18: 13474, p = 0.0001; BLG: 801; BLG + IL-18: 1077, p = 0.008). In comparison to incubation without IL-18, the release of IL-13 was invariable or even reduced, when CBMC were stimulated with PHA + IL-18 (4026, p = 0.16) or BLG + IL-18 (124, p = 0.0001) compared to stimulation of CBMC with PHA (4357 pg/ml) or BLG (249 pg/ml) alone. CONCLUSIONS: IL-18 is detectable in supernatants of CBMC. We observed a significant effect of IL-18 + PHA as well as IL-18 + BLG on IFN-gamma release in vitro. Based on our findings we conclude that IL-18 could act as a strong TH1-inducing factor on stimulated CBMC also in vivo. 相似文献
79.
IFN-alpha induces the human IL-10 gene by recruiting both IFN regulatory factor 1 and Stat3 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ziegler-Heitbrock L Lötzerich M Schaefer A Werner T Frankenberger M Benkhart E 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2003,171(1):285-290
The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 can be induced by type I IFNs, but the molecular mechanisms involved have remained elusive. With in silico analysis of the human IL-10 promoter we identified a module consisting of an IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) site and a Stat3 site. We demonstrate that IFN-alpha will induce the binding of IRF-1 and Stat3 to the respective motifs. Mutational analysis revealed that inactivation of the IRF-1 motif substantially reduces trans-activation from 5- to 2-fold and that inactivation of the Stat3 motif completely ablates trans-activation by IFN-alpha. The dominant role of Stat3 in this module was confirmed with the blockade of trans-activation by a dominant negative Stat3. By contrast, Stat1 contributes a minor proportion to the DNA binding to the Stat site, and overexpression will counteract Stat3-mediated trans-activation. The data show that IFN-alpha induces the IL-10 gene via a module consisting of interdependent IRF-1 and Stat3 motifs. Of note, LPS-induced trans-activation does not target this module, since it is independent of the IRF-1 motif but completely depends on Stat3. 相似文献
80.
Evaluation of an alternative IMS dissociation procedure for use with Method 1622: detection of Cryptosporidium in water 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
U.S. EPA Methods 1622 and 1623 are used to detect and quantify Cryptosporidium oocysts in water. The protocol consists of filtration, immunomagnetic separation (IMS), staining with a fluorescent antibody, and microscopic analysis. Microscopic analysis includes detection by fluorescent antibody and confirmation by the demonstration of 1-4 sporozoites or nuclei after staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenyl indole dihydrochloride (DAPI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new IMS dissociation, a 10-min incubation at 80 degrees C. Heat dissociation improved the average oocyst recovery from 41% to 71% in seeded reagent water, and from 10% to 51% in seeded river samples. The average DAPI confirmation rate improved from 49% to 93% in reagent water, and from 48% to 73% in river samples. This modification improved both oocyst recovery and confirmation. 相似文献