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51.
52.
Background
Host parasitism by Trichomonas vaginalis is complex. Adherence to vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) is mediated by surface proteins. We showed before that antisense down-regulation of expression of adhesin AP65 decreased amounts of protein, which lowered levels of T. vaginalis adherence to VECs. We now perform antisense down-regulation of expression of the ap33 gene to evaluate and confirm a role for AP33 in adherence by T. vaginalis. We also used an established transfection system for heterologous expression of AP33 in T. foetus as an additional confirmatory approach. 相似文献53.
54.
Summary We have defined a new gene, alt, which affects RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. Mutants for alt arise among revertants of strains lacking the CRP-cAMP system necessary for full expression of catabolite-sensitive operons. Studies on a temperature-sensitive alt mutant indicate that the alt gene product is necessary for the synthesis of an important class of messenger RNA molecules. 相似文献
55.
56.
The murid rodent subfamily Sigmodontinae contains 79 genera which are
distributed throughout the New World. The time of arrival of the first
sigmodontines in South America and the estimated divergence time(s) of the
different lineages of South American sigmodontines have been controversial
due to the lack of a good fossil record and the immense number of extant
species. The "early-arrival hypothesis" states that the sigmodontines must
have arrived in South America no later than the early Miocene, at least 20
MYA, in order to account for their vast present-day diversity, whereas the
"late-arrival hypothesis" includes the sigmodontines as part of the
Plio-Pleistocene Great American Interchange, which occurred approximately
3.5 MYA. The phylogenetic relationships among 33 of these genera were
reconstructed using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data from the ND3,
ND4L, arginine tRNA, and ND4 genes, which we show to be evolving at the
same rate. A molecular clock was calibrated for these genes using published
fossil dates, and the genetic distances were estimated from the DNA
sequences in this study. The molecular clock was used to estimate the dates
of the South American sigmodontine origin and the main sigmodontine
radiation in order to evaluate the "early-" and "late-arrival" scenarios.
We estimate the time of the sigmodontine invasion of South America as
between approximately 5 and 9 MYA, supporting neither of the scenarios but
suggesting two possible models in which the invading lineage was either (1)
ancestral to the oryzomyines, akodonts, and phyllotines or (2) ancestral to
the akodonts and phyllotines and accompanied by the oryzomyines. The
sigmodontine invasion of South America provides an example of the advantage
afforded to a lineage by the fortuitous invasion of a previously
unexploited habitat, in this case an entire continent.
相似文献
57.
Previously, treatment of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THp) from different
donors with endo-beta-galactosidase has been shown to liberate a tetra- and
a Sd(a)-active pentasaccharide, concluding the presence of N-linked
carbohydrate chains containing additional N - acetyllactosamine units.
These type of oligosaccharides were not found in a detailed structure
elucidation of the carbohydrate moiety of THp of one male donor, suggesting
a donor-specific feature for these type of structures. Therefore, THp was
isolated from four healthy male donors and each subjected to
endo-beta-galactosidase treatment in order to release these tetra- and
Sd(a)-active pentasaccharide. Differences were observed in the total amount
of released tetra- and Sda-active pentasaccharide of the used donors (42,
470, 478, 718 microg/100 mg THp), indicating that the presence of repeating
N-acetyllactosamine units incorporated into the N-glycan moiety of THp is
donor specific. Furthermore, a higher expression of the Sd(a) determinant
on antennae which display N-acetyllactosamine elongation was observed,
suggesting a better accessibility for the
beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. In order to characterize the
N-glycans containing repeating N- acetyllactosamine units, carbohydrate
chains were enzymatically released from THp and isolated. The
tetraantennary fraction, which accounts for more than 33% of the total
carbohydrate moiety of THp, was used to isolate oligosaccharides containing
additional N - acetyllactosamine units. Five N-linked tetraantennary
oligosaccharides containing a repeating N-acetyllactosamine unit were
identified, varying from structures bearing four Sd(a) determinants to
structures containing no Sd(a) determinant (see below). One compound was
used in order to specify the branch location of the additional N-
acetyllactosamine unit, and it appeared that only the Gal-6' and Gal-8'
residues were occupied by a repeating N -acetyllactosamine unit.
相似文献
58.
Growth factor-induced binding of dynamin to signal transduction proteins involves sorting to distinct and separate proline-rich dynamin sequences. 总被引:13,自引:3,他引:10
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Dynamin, a 100 kDa GTPase, is critical for endocytosis, synaptic transmission and neurogenesis. Endocytosis accompanies receptor processing and plays an essential role in attenuating receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction. Dynamin has been demonstrated to be involved in the endocytic processing at the cell surface and may play a general role in coupling receptor activation to endocytosis. Src homology (SH) domain dependent protein-protein interactions are important to tyrosine kinase receptor signal transduction. The C-terminus of dynamin contains two clusters of SH3 domain binding proline motifs; these motifs may interact with known SH3 domain proteins during tyrosine kinase receptor activation. We demonstrate here that SH3 domain-containing signal transduction proteins, such as phospholipase C gamma-1 (PLC gamma-1), do indeed bind to dynamin in a growth factor inducible manner. The induction of PLC gamma-1 binding to dynamin occurs within minutes of the addition of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) to cells. Binding of these signal transduction proteins to dynamin involves specific sorting to individual proline motif clusters and appears to be responsible for co-immunoprecipitation of tyrosine phosphorylated PDGF receptors with dynamin following PDGF stimulation of mammalian cells. The binding of dynamin to SH3 domain-containing proteins may therefore be important for formation of the protein complex required for the endocytic processing of activated tyrosine kinase receptors. 相似文献
59.
Wingfield BD; Grant WS; Wolfaardt JF; Wingfield MJ 《Molecular biology and evolution》1994,11(3):376-383
The genus Ceratocystis sensu stricto includes important fungal pathogens of
woody and herbaceous plants. This genus is distinguished from species in
Ceratocystis sensu lato by the presence of Chalara anamorphs. Ascospore
shape has been used extensively in delineating Ceratocystis taxa, which
show a large variety of ascospore shapes. Sequence analysis of one region
of he 18S ribosomal RNA subunit and two regions of the 28S ribosomal RNA
subunit showed that there was a majority of multiple substitutions at
nucleotide sites and that there was a low transition/transversion ratio, T
= 0.72. Both of these results suggest that these are well established, old
species. Ascospore morphology, for the most part, was not congruent with
the molecular phylogeny, and the use of morphological characters may be
misleading in the taxonomy of these species.
相似文献
60.
J. Werner Zolg Alexander J. Macleod John G. Scaife Richard L. Beaudoin 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1984,20(3):205-215
Summary Synchronization ofPlasmodium falciparum cultured in vitro results in a one-step growth pattern that allows the study of stage-specific metabolic activities of the
parasites. Lactic acid (LA) was selected as a metabolic marker, and the concentration of this end product found in spent media
was correlated with the different erythrocytic stages of the parasites. When the medium was changed at 12 h intervals, cultures
containing predominantly trophozoites produced 3.66±0.55 μmol LA per 12 h per 107 parasitized cells (n=26), an amount of LA that is about 8 to 20 times higher than that found in corresponding cultures containing predominantly
ring forms. Depending on the stage of development, parasitized red blood cells produced between 5 and 100 times more LA than
uninfected erythrocytes (3.72±0.62 μmol LA per 12 hours per 109 red blood cells) (n=41) when cultured under identical conditions. The intraerythrocytic development of the parasites was not impaired by exposure
to extracellular concentrations of LA up to 12 mM over a 12 h period. The growth resulting in such cultures was described as uninhibited and was characterized by a multiplication
index of 10 or higher. Above the threshold of 12 mM of LA, progressive inhibition of parasite development occurred. The stage-specific LA production reported can be used to
predict the amount of LA that will have accumulated at the end of a subsequent 12 h incubation period during synchronized
in vitro growth ofPlasmodium falciparum. Using these values, it is possible to establish an optimal medium exchange schedule, thereby assuring uninhibited growth
and a correspondingly high parasite yield.
J. W. Z. was supported during part of this study by a long-term fellowship of the European Molecular Biology Organization,
Heidelberg, West Germany, followed by a Research Associateship from the National Research Council, Washington, D.C. The project
was supported by grants from the Medical Research Council to J. G. S. and by the Naval Research and Development Command, Work
Unit No. 3M 162 770 A871 AE 312. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private ones of the authors and are not
to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the U.S. Navy Department or the naval service at large. 相似文献