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61.
62.
Background
Comparative genomic data among organisms allow the reconstruction of their phylogenies and evolutionary time scales. Molecular timings have been recently used to suggest that environmental global change have shaped the evolutionary history of diverse terrestrial organisms. Living xenarthrans (armadillos, anteaters and sloths) constitute an ideal model for studying the influence of past environmental changes on species diversification. Indeed, extant xenarthran species are relicts from an evolutionary radiation enhanced by their isolation in South America during the Tertiary era, a period for which major climate variations and tectonic events are relatively well documented. 相似文献63.
JP Herv s J. Martí -Clú a A. Mu oz-Garcí a MC Santa-Cruz 《Biotechnic & histochemistry》2002,77(1):27-35
We have optimised an indirect immunoperoxidase technique demonstrating bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into dividing cells for cerebellar tissue sections of four-day-old rats injected with this marker. This permits confident identification of granule-cell precursors engaged in DNA synthesis in the external granular layer of the developing cerebellum. Preservation of BrdU immunoreactivity is attained using methanol/acetic acid fixation and different pretreatments before immunostaining, while unlabeled nuclei can be recognized clearly after Feulgen or hematoxylin counterstaining. We established conditions to ensure satisfactory BrdU uptake without affecting cell-cycle progression during the postlabeling time period. The dose of BrdU employed provides saturation S-phase labeling from at least 1 h after BrdU delivery. Various kinetic parameters and phase durations have been determined in experiments involving a single injection or cumulative labeling sequences, and the cycle time was calculated based on two models of generative behavior: steady-state and exponential growth. The working hypothesis of steadystate kinetics can be adopted successfully if the existence of neuroblasts with different proliferation rates is taken into account. 相似文献
64.
Scaffidi A Waters MT Bond CS Dixon KW Smith SM Ghisalberti EL Flematti GR 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2012,22(11):3743-3746
Karrikins and strigolactones are novel plant growth regulators that contain similar molecular features, but very little is known about how they elicit responses in plants. A tentative molecular mechanism has previously been proposed involving a Michael-type addition for both compounds. Through structure-activity studies with karrikins, we now propose an alternative mechanism for karrikin and strigolactone mode of action that involves hydrolysis of the butenolide ring. 相似文献
65.
Jones CG Moniodis J Zulak KG Scaffidi A Plummer JA Ghisalberti EL Barbour EL Bohlmann J 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2011,286(20):17445-17454
Sandalwood oil is one of the worlds most highly prized fragrances. To identify the genes and encoded enzymes responsible for santalene biosynthesis, we cloned and characterized three orthologous terpene synthase (TPS) genes SaSSy, SauSSy, and SspiSSy from three divergent sandalwood species; Santalum album, S. austrocaledonicum, and S. spicatum, respectively. The encoded enzymes catalyze the formation of α-, β-, epi-β-santalene, and α-exo-bergamotene from (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (E,E-FPP). Recombinant SaSSy was additionally tested with (Z,Z)-farnesyl diphosphate (Z,Z-FPP) and remarkably, found to produce a mixture of α-endo-bergamotene, α-santalene, (Z)-β-farnesene, epi-β-santalene, and β-santalene. Additional cDNAs that encode bisabolene/bisabolol synthases were also cloned and functionally characterized from these three species. Both the santalene synthases and the bisabolene/bisabolol synthases reside in the TPS-b phylogenetic clade, which is more commonly associated with angiosperm monoterpene synthases. An orthologous set of TPS-a synthases responsible for formation of macrocyclic and bicyclic sesquiterpenes were characterized. Strict functionality and limited sequence divergence in the santalene and bisabolene synthases are in contrast to the TPS-a synthases, suggesting these compounds have played a significant role in the evolution of the Santalum genus. 相似文献
66.
Castagnone-Sereno P; Semblat JP; Leroy F; Abad P 《Molecular biology and evolution》1998,15(9):1115-1122
A highly abundant satellite DNA comprising 20% of the Meloidogyne fallax
(Nematoda, Tylenchida) genome was cloned and sequenced. The satellite
monomer is 173 bp long and has a high A + T content of 72.3%, with frequent
runs of A's and T's. The sequence variability of the monomers is 2.7%,
mainly due to random distribution of single-point mutations. A search for
evidence of internal repeated subunits in the monomer sequence revealed a
6-bp motif (AAATTT) for which five degenerated repeats, differing by just a
single base pair, could be identified. Pairwise comparison of the M. fallax
satellite with those from the sympatric species Meloidogyne chitwoodi and
Meloidogyne hapla revealed a high sequence similarity (68.39%) with one
satellite DNA subfamily in M. chitwoodi, which indicated an unexpected
close relationship between them. Given the high copy number and the extreme
sequence homogeneity among monomeric units, it may be assumed that the
satellite DNA of M. fallax could have evolved through some recent and
extensive amplification burst in the nematode genome. In this case, its
relatively short life would not yet have allowed the accumulation of random
mutations in independent amplified repeats. Considering the morphological
resemblance between the two species and their ability to produce
interspecific fertile hybrids under controlled conditions, these results
indicate that M. fallax may share a common ancestor with M. chitwoodi, from
which it could have diverged recently. All these data suggest that M.
fallax could be the result of a recent speciation process and show that
Meloidogyne satellite DNAs may be of interest to resolve phylogenetic
relationships among closely related species from this genus.
相似文献
67.
68.
Tim?Lu Christine?M?Costello Peter?JP?Croucher Robert?H?sler Günther?Deuschl Stefan?SchreiberEmail author 《BMC bioinformatics》2005,6(1):37
Background
Normalization is the process of removing non-biological sources of variation between array experiments. Recent investigations of data in gene expression databases for varying organisms and tissues have shown that the majority of expressed genes exhibit a power-law distribution with an exponent close to -1 (i.e. obey Zipf's law). Based on the observation that our single channel and two channel microarray data sets also followed a power-law distribution, we were motivated to develop a normalization method based on this law, and examine how it compares with existing published techniques. A computationally simple and intuitively appealing technique based on this observation is presented. 相似文献69.
70.
An allelic series at the KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana decouples ligand hydrolysis and receptor degradation from downstream signalling
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Jiaren Yao Kiyoshi Mashiguchi Adrian Scaffidi Tomoki Akatsu Kim T. Melville Ryo Morita Yu Morimoto Steven M. Smith Yoshiya Seto Gavin R. Flematti Shinjiro Yamaguchi Mark T. Waters 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2018,96(1):75-89
Karrikins are butenolide compounds present in post‐fire environments that can stimulate seed germination in many species, including Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants also produce endogenous butenolide compounds that serve as hormones, namely strigolactones (SLs). The receptor for karrikins (KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2; KAI2) and the receptor for SLs (DWARF14; D14) are homologous proteins that share many similarities. The mode of action of D14 as a dual enzyme receptor protein is well established, but the nature of KAI2‐dependent signalling and its function as a receptor are not fully understood. To expand our knowledge of how KAI2 operates, we screened ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS)‐mutagenized populations of A. thaliana for mutants with kai2‐like phenotypes and isolated 13 new kai2 alleles. Among these alleles, kai2‐10 encoded a D184N protein variant that was stable in planta. Differential scanning fluorimetry assays indicated that the KAI2 D184N protein could interact normally with bioactive ligands. We developed a KAI2‐active version of the fluorescent strigolactone analogue Yoshimulactone Green to show that KAI2 D184N exhibits normal rates of ligand hydrolysis. KAI2 D184N degraded in response to treatment with exogenous ligands, suggesting that receptor degradation is a consequence of ligand binding and hydrolysis, but is insufficient for signalling activity. Remarkably, KAI2 D184N degradation was hypersensitive to karrikins, but showed a normal response to strigolactone analogues, implying that these butenolides may interact differently with KAI2. These results demonstrate that the enzymatic and signalling functions of KAI2 can be decoupled, and provide important insights into the mechanistic events that underpin butenolide signalling in plants. 相似文献