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71.
Complete nucleotide sequences of bovine alpha S2- and beta-casein cDNAs: comparisons with related sequences in other species 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Stewart AF; Bonsing J; Beattie CW; Shah F; Willis IM; Mackinlay AG 《Molecular biology and evolution》1987,4(3):231-241
The nucleotide sequences corresponding to bovine alpha S2- and beta- casein
mRNAs have been determined by cDNA analysis. Both sequences appear to be
complete at their 5' ends. The nucleotide sequence of alpha S2-casein, when
compared with the corresponding cavine A sequence, helps to define the
boundaries of a large amino acid repeat (approximately 80 residues) whereas
comparisons with the nucleotide sequences of rat gamma- and mouse
epsilon-casein mRNAs also reveal extensive sequence similarities. An
alignment of these four sequences shows that the divergence of their
translated regions has been characterized by the duplication and deletion
of discrete segments of sequence that probably correspond to exons. A high
degree of nucleotide substitution is also found when the four sequences are
compared, except for well-conserved leader-peptide and phosphorylation-site
sequences and, to a lesser extent, the 5'-untranslated regions. Similar
comparison of the bovine and rat beta-caseins shows that their divergence
has involved a high rate of nucleotide substitution but that no major
insertions or deletions of sequence have occurred. The several splice sites
that have veen defined in the rat beta-casein gene are likely to have been
conserved in the bovine. The contrasting evolutionary histories of the
alpha- and beta-casein coding sequences correlate with the distinctive
functions of these proteins in the casein micelle system in milk.
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72.
Differentiation potential of individual olfactory c‐Kit+ progenitors determined via multicolor lineage tracing
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Garrett M. Goss Nirupa Chaudhari Joshua M. Hare Raphael Nwojo Barbara Seidler Dieter Saur Bradley J. Goldstein 《Developmental neurobiology》2016,76(3):241-251
Olfactory tissue undergoes lifelong renewal, due to the presence of basal neural stem cells. Multiple categories of globose basal stem cells have been identified, expressing markers such as Lgr5, Ascl1, GBC‐2, and c‐Kit. The differentiation potential of individual globose cells has remained unclear. Here, we utilized Cre/loxP lineage tracing with a multicolor reporter system to define c‐Kit+ cell contributions at clonal resolution. We determined that reporter expression permitted identification of c‐Kit derived progeny with fine cellular detail, and that clones were found to be comprised by neurons only, microvillar cells only, microvillar cells and neurons, or gland/duct cells. Quantification of reporter‐labeled cells indicated that c‐Kit+ cells behave as transit amplifying or immediate precursors, although we also found evidence for longer‐term c‐Kit+ cell contributions. Our results from the application of multicolor fate mapping delineate the clonal contributions of c‐Kit+ cells to olfactory epithelial renewal, and provide novel insight into tissue maintenance of an adult neuroepithelium. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 241–251, 2016 相似文献
73.
ABEL TRUJILLO-OCAMPO HYUN-WOO CHO AMANDA C. HERRMANN WILFREDO RUIZ-VAZQUEZ ANDREW B. THORNTON HONG HE DAN LI MARIAM A. QAZILBASH QING MA STEVEN A. PORCELLI ELIZABETH J. SHPALL JEFFREY MOLLDREM JIN S. IM 《Cytotherapy》2018,20(8):1089-1101
Background aims
CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer (iNK) T cells are rare regulatory T cells that may contribute to the immune-regulation in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Here, we sought to develop an effective strategy to expand human iNK T cells for use in cell therapy to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in ASCT.Methods
Human iNK T cells were first enriched from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using magnetic-activated cell sorting separation, then co-cultured with dendritic cells in the presence of agonist glycolipids, alpha-galactosylceramide, for 2 weeks.Results
The single antigenic stimulation reliably expanded iNK T cells to an average of 2.8?×?107 per 5?×?108 PBMCs in an average purity of 98.8% in 2 weeks (N?=?24). The expanded iNK T cells contained a significantly higher level of CD4+ and central memory phenotype (CD45RA?CD62L+) compared with freshly isolated iNK T cells, and maintained their ability to produce both Th-1 (interferon [IFN]γ and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]α) and Th-2 type cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5 and IL-13) upon antigenic stimulation or stimulation with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin. Interestingly, expanded iNK T cells were highly autoreactive and produced a Th-2 polarized cytokine production profile after being co-cultured with dendritic cells alone without exogenous agonist glycolipid antigen. Lastly, expanded iNK T cells suppressed conventional T-cell proliferation and ameliorated xenograft GVHD (hazard ratio, 0.1266; P < 0.0001).Conclusion
We have demonstrated a feasible approach for obtaining ex vivo expanded, highly enriched human iNK T cells for use in adoptive cell therapy to prevent GVHD in ASCT. 相似文献74.
Dr. S. I. Kim Mr. L. Saur J. Mossé 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1979,54(2):49-54
Summary The inheritance of avenin components, the prolamins (or alcohol soluble proteins) of Avena, is studied by means of gel electrophoresis. Avenin is composed of rather similar proteins which appear as a polymorphic group from a biochemical point of view. After a first preliminary investigation it showed a surprisingly high interspecific variability. The average number of its constituents increases with the ploidy level but it still is much lower than that of wheat gliadin.The avenin electrophoretic patterns of 47 samples (F4, F5 or F6 seeds) resulting from 3 hexaploid crosses are compared with the parental patterns. Four kinds of inheritance are observed. Roughly 50% of progeny profiles are identical to those of one of the parents. They are composed occasionally of partial sections of parental patterns. Complete additiveness occurs rather seldom. However, in one of the crosses a significant number of progeny samples show a band, one of the very slow moving constituents, which was not present in either of the parents.The study of avenin in F1 seeds, arising from reciprocal crosses between two homozygous parent plants, shows a significant effect of maternal gene dose in the triploid endosperm.Because of both the variability and the relatively small number of avenin constituents, these results show that typical endosperm proteins such as oat prolamin constitute a useful tool for phylogenetic studies of the genus Avena. 相似文献
75.
Robin IM Dunbar 《BMC biology》2007,5(1):21-3
The claim that differences in brain size across primate species has mainly been driven by the demands of sociality (the "social
brain" hypothesis) is now widely accepted. Some of the evidence to support this comes from the fact that species that live
in large social groups have larger brains, and in particular larger neocortices. Lindenfors and colleagues (BMC Biology 5:20) add significantly to our appreciation of this process by showing that there are striking differences between the two
sexes in the social mechanisms and brain units involved. Female sociality (which is more affiliative) is related most closely
to neocortex volume, but male sociality (which is more competitive and combative) is more closely related to subcortical units
(notably those associated with emotional responses). Thus different brain units have responded to different selection pressures. 相似文献
76.
Effect of self-association on the structural organization of partially folded proteins: inactivated actin 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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IM Kuznetsova AG Biktashev SY Khaitlina KS Vassilenko KK Turoverov VN Uversky 《Biophysical journal》1999,77(5):2788-2800
The propensity to associate or aggregate is one of the characteristic properties of many nonnative proteins. The aggregation of proteins is responsible for a number of human diseases and is a significant problem in biotechnology. Despite this, little is currently known about the effect of self-association on the structural properties and conformational stability of partially folded protein molecules. G-actin is shown to form equilibrium unfolding intermediate in the vicinity of 1.5 M guanidinium chloride (GdmCl). Refolding from the GdmCl unfolded state is terminated at the stage of formation of the same intermediate state. An analogous form, known as inactivated actin, can be obtained by heat treatment, or at moderate urea concentration, or by the release of Ca(2+). In all cases actin forms specific associates comprising partially folded protein molecules. The structural properties and conformational stability of inactivated actin were studied over a wide range of protein concentrations, and it was established that the process of self-association is rather specific. We have also shown that inactivated actin, being denatured, is characterized by a relatively rigid microenvironment of aromatic residues and exhibits a considerable limitation in the internal mobility of tryptophans. This means that specific self-association can play an important structure-forming role for the partially folded protein molecules. 相似文献
77.
Fungal phytopathogens encode functional homologues of plant rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) peptides
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Elisha Thynne Isabel M. L. Saur Jaime Simbaqueba Huw A. Ogilvie Yvonne Gonzalez‐Cendales Oliver Mead Adam Taranto Ann‐Maree Catanzariti Megan C. McDonald Benjamin Schwessinger David A. Jones John P. Rathjen Peter S. Solomon 《Molecular Plant Pathology》2017,18(6):811-824
In this article, we describe the presence of genes encoding close homologues of an endogenous plant peptide, rapid alkalinization factor (RALF), within the genomes of 26 species of phytopathogenic fungi. Members of the RALF family are key growth factors in plants, and the sequence of the RALF active region is well conserved between plant and fungal proteins. RALF1‐like sequences were observed in most cases; however, RALF27‐like sequences were present in the Sphaerulina musiva and Septoria populicola genomes. These two species are pathogens of poplar and, interestingly, the closest relative to their respective RALF genes is a poplar RALF27‐like sequence. RALF peptides control cellular expansion during plant development, but were originally defined on the basis of their ability to induce rapid alkalinization in tobacco cell cultures. To test whether the fungal RALF peptides were biologically active in plants, we synthesized RALF peptides corresponding to those encoded by two sequenced genomes of the tomato pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. One of these peptides inhibited the growth of tomato seedlings and elicited responses in tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana typical of endogenous plant RALF peptides (reactive oxygen species burst, induced alkalinization and mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation). Gene expression analysis confirmed that a RALF‐encoding gene in F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici was expressed during infection on tomato. However, a subsequent reverse genetics approach revealed that the RALF peptide was not required by F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici for infection on tomato roots. This study has demonstrated the presence of functionally active RALF peptides encoded within phytopathogens that harbour an as yet undetermined role in plant–pathogen interactions. 相似文献
78.
Saskia Bauer Dongli Yu Aaron W. Lawson Isabel M. L. Saur Lamprinos Frantzeskakis Barbara Kracher Elke Logemann Jijie Chai Takaki Maekawa Paul Schulze-Lefert 《PLoS pathogens》2021,17(2)
Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) in plants can detect avirulence (AVR) effectors of pathogenic microbes. The Mildew locus a (Mla) NLR gene has been shown to confer resistance against diverse fungal pathogens in cereal crops. In barley, Mla has undergone allelic diversification in the host population and confers isolate-specific immunity against the powdery mildew-causing fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis forma specialis hordei (Bgh). We previously isolated the Bgh effectors AVRA1, AVRA7, AVRA9, AVRA13, and allelic AVRA10/AVRA22, which are recognized by matching MLA1, MLA7, MLA9, MLA13, MLA10 and MLA22, respectively. Here, we extend our knowledge of the Bgh effector repertoire by isolating the AVRA6 effector, which belongs to the family of catalytically inactive RNase-Like Proteins expressed in Haustoria (RALPHs). Using structural prediction, we also identified RNase-like folds in AVRA1, AVRA7, AVRA10/AVRA22, and AVRA13, suggesting that allelic MLA recognition specificities could detect structurally related avirulence effectors. To better understand the mechanism underlying the recognition of effectors by MLAs, we deployed chimeric MLA1 and MLA6, as well as chimeric MLA10 and MLA22 receptors in plant co-expression assays, which showed that the recognition specificity for AVRA1 and AVRA6 as well as allelic AVRA10 and AVRA22 is largely determined by the receptors’ C-terminal leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). The design of avirulence effector hybrids allowed us to identify four specific AVRA10 and five specific AVRA22 aa residues that are necessary to confer MLA10- and MLA22-specific recognition, respectively. This suggests that the MLA LRR mediates isolate-specific recognition of structurally related AVRA effectors. Thus, functional diversification of multi-allelic MLA receptors may be driven by a common structural effector scaffold, which could be facilitated by proliferation of the RALPH effector family in the pathogen genome. 相似文献
79.
Olgac U Knight J Poulikakos D Saur SC Alkadhi H Desbiolles LM Cattin PC Kurtcuoglu V 《Journal of biomechanics》2011,44(13):2466-2471
Subendothelial accumulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in arterial walls is an initiator of atherosclerotic plaque formation. We report here on the correlation between healthy state subendothelial LDL concentration distribution and sites of subsequent plaque formation in coronary arteries of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). We acquired left (LCA) and right coronary artery (RCA) and atherosclerotic plaque geometries of 60 patients with CAD using dual-source computed tomography angiography. After virtually removing all plaques to obtain an approximation of the arteries' healthy state, we calculated LDL concentration in the artery walls as a function of local lumen-side shear stress. We found that maximum subendothelial LDL concentrations at plaque locations were, on average, 45% (RCA) and 187% (LCA) higher than the respective average subendothelial concentration. Our results demonstrate that locally elevated subendothelial LDL concentration correlates with subsequent plaque formation at the same location. 相似文献
80.
Most integral membrane proteins are targeted, inserted and assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The sequential and potentially overlapping events necessary for membrane protein integration take place at sites termed translocons, which comprise a specific set of membrane proteins acting in concert with ribosomes and, probably, molecular chaperones to ensure the success of the whole process. In this minireview, we summarize our current understanding of helical membrane protein integration at the endoplasmic reticulum, and highlight specific characteristics that affect the biogenesis of multispanning membrane proteins. 相似文献