Conjugative plasmid transfer between Pseudomonas strains within alginate bead microcosms: effect of the internal gel structure.

Because microorganisms frequently live in an immobilized state in natural habitats, a cell-confined system was used to study bacterial conjugation. Two Pseudomonas putida strains were introduced together within calcium alginate gels. Different alginate beads were designed by varying the polysaccharide and the gelation solution concentrations. Microscopic examinations showed that 2% gels were quite homogeneous, but that 1.5% and 1% gels were rather heterogeneous. In these two last cases, shaft-shaped macrostructures were present. They were colonized during the culture by great densities of highly motile bacteria. Gene transfers due to conjugation were investigated in such alginate gel bead microcosms, in batch and continuous cultures. High-initial transfer frequencies were detected whatever the gel, but no conjugation events seemed to occur with further growth in the beads. Transfer frequency values were roughly similar in the different tested systems. Alginate gels used as artificial microcosms may be valuable to study the effect of cell microenvironment on genetic transfers in complex systems.     

Comparative study on the growth of juvenile Galapagos giant tortoises (Geochelone nigra) at the Charles Darwin Research Station (Galapagos Islands,Ecuador) and Zoo Zurich (Zurich,Switzerland)

In this study, the growth rates of a group of Galapagos giant tortoises raised in their natural habitat at the Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS; Galapagos Islands, Ecuador) and a group of captive‐bred specimens (Zoo Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland) were compared for the first time. A great discrepancy in growth rates was observed after the first year. When the animals were 4 years old, the carapace in the Zurich specimens was approximately twice as long as that in the CDRS tortoises, and the Zurich animals weighed approximately 10 times more than the CDRS animals. The zoo diet was modified by a reduction in nutrients and an increase in fiber to produce a more natural growth rate. Zoo Biol 23:177‐183, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Azo-reductase activated budesodine prodrugs for colon targeting

Budesodine is a synthetic glurocorticoid that undergoes substantial first pass metabolism, limiting systemic exposure. Its use in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease would benefit from a targeting strategy that could lead to a local topical effect, improving safety and increasing anti-inflammatory efficacy. A two-step prodrug strategy involving azoreduction/cyclization that we developed previously for prednisolone is here applied with some variations to budesonide. The budesodine prodrugs were tested using an in vitro azoreductase assay simulating human colonic microflora. The kinetics of amino steroid ester cyclization and its pH dependence was also evaluated. The stability of the prodrugs systems in simulated human duodenal and gastric fluid was evaluated to determine the likelihood of intact intestinal transit. The propionic acid derived prodrug 3 undergoes rapid activation by Clostridium perfingens and its putative reduction product cyclizes with acceptable rapidity when synthesized independently. These properties of 3 suggest that it has potential in management of ulcerative colitis.     

Energy gain and loss during lactation and postweaning in southern elephant seal pups (Mirounga leonina) at King George Island

Deuterium-labeled water was used to measure changes in the proximate body composition during the lactation period and after weaning in southern elephant seal pups at King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. During the lactation period (23.0 ± 1.4 days) pups gained a mean of 4.9 ± 0.5 kg/day (n=7). Of the total mass gain (112 ± 8 kg), 38% was water, 48% was fat, and 11% was protein. This represented an increase in total body gross energy of 2437 ± 145 MJ. The proportion of body mass represented by fat was less than 2% at birth, increasing to 35 ± 2% at weaning. We followed the pups during a mean period of 36 ± 3 days after weaning. During this period, pups had a mean loss of 1.21 ± 0.10 kg/day (n=7) comprising 39% water, 48% fat, and 12% protein. The energy cost over this period was 952 ± 168 MJ, which represented, on average, 39% of the total energy gained during the suckling period. Accepted: 3 January 2000     

On identifying common distribution patterns and their causal factors: a probabilistic method applied to pteridophytes in the Iberian Peninsula

Abstract. The aim of this quantitative biogeographical analysis is to identify the existence of specific groups of pteridophytes with significantly similar distribution patterns (chorotypes) in the Iberian Peninsula, as well as to infer the environmental factors that may explain such groupings. We have applied a classification method to the pteridophyte species and have then tested the significance of the resulting groups. This allows the distinction of groups of species that occur together more frequently than expected at random from those which are just a product of the cluster analysis. The majority of the 113 pteridophyte species in the Iberian Peninsula are not distributed independently from each other, but eighteen chorotypes exist that are common to various species and three chorotypes that consist of one species each. Five species are distributed independently of the other species, and so their distribution areas overlap and segregate from the others at random. With the aim of finding a relation between the chorotypes identified and the processes that determine them, we investigated the possible incidence of certain environmental factors on the chorotype distributions by means of logistic regression. Factors that appear most frequently as possible causes of the distribution of the chorotypes are the water availability, climatic stress, availability of environmental energy, and disturbances caused by floods. Resumen . El objetivo de este análisis biogeográfico cuantitativo es identificar la posible existencia de grupos de especies de pteridófitos con patrones de distribución significantivamente similares (corotipos) en la Peninsula Ibérica, así como analizar los factores ambientales que explican tales grupos. Hemos aplicado un método de clasificatión biogeográfica de especies y después hemos comprobado la significación de los grupos resultantes. Esto nos ha permitido distinguir los grupos de especies que se asocian con más frecuencia de lo esperado por azar de aquellos grupos que se deben únicamente al análisis de agrupación. La mayoría de las 113 especies de pteridófitos en la Península Ibérica no se distribuyen independientemente unas de otras, sino que existen 18 corotipos que son comunes a varias especies y tres que están formados por una sola especie. Cinco especies se distribuyen independientemente de las restantes, y por tanto, sus áreas de distribución se solapan y se segregan con las demás al azar. Con objeto de encontrar una relación entre los corotipos identificados en el presente trabajo y los procesos que los determinan, investigamos por medio de regresiones logísticas la posible incidencia de ciertos factores ambientales sobre las distribuciones de los corotipos. Los factores que han aparecido más frecuentemente como posibles causas de las distribuciones de los corotipos son la disponibilidad de agua, el estrés climático, la energía ambiental disponible y los disturbios causados por las inundaciones.