Modulation of Glucose Transporter Protein by Dietary Flavonoids in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia due to insufficient or inefficient insulin secretory response. This chronic disease is a global problem and there is a need for greater emphasis on therapeutic strategies in the health system. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids have recently attracted attention as source materials for the development of new antidiabetic drugs or alternative therapy for the management of diabetes and its related complications. The antidiabetic potential of flavonoids are mainly through their modulatory effects on glucose transporter by enhancing GLUT-2 expression in pancreatic β cells and increasing expression and promoting translocation of GLUT-4 via PI3K/AKT, CAP/Cb1/TC10 and AMPK pathways. This review highlights the recent findings on beneficial effects of flavonoids in the management of diabetes with particular emphasis on the investigations that explore the role of these compounds in modulating glucose transporter proteins at cellular and molecular level.     

Aeromycoflora of fruit markets of Baroda,India and associated diseases of certain fruits

Fungal organisms cause diseases in plants, animals, and human beings. They are responsible for deterioration of organic objects. Scientists have found that it is not the occurrence but quantum of inoculum or number of spores per unit area which has a direct effect on development of diseases in fields as well as in markets. An aerobiological survey of three fruit markets of Vadodara, India was undertaken during 2006 to determine various fungal pathogens present in the atmosphere using the petriplate exposure method. Isolations were also done from six fruits available during summer and rainy seasons. The surface washing technique yielded 12 micro fungi from Prunus avium. Direct correlation was observed between percentage rot of fruits and occurrence of fungal spores in different months.     

Comparison of Profile of Primary Hyperparathyroidism With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Retrospective Analysis From the Indian Primary Hyperparathyroidism Registry

ObjectiveTo describe the prevalence and compare the clinicobiochemical profile of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study wherein the details of patients with PHPT with T2DM (PHPT-T2DM) and without T2DM were retrieved from the Indian PHPT Registry (www.indianphptregistry.com) between 2005 and 2019. We compared the clinical, biochemical, and postoperative findings of patients with PHPT-T2DM with age-, sex-, and body mass index–matched patients with PHPT without T2DM (in 1:2 ratio).ResultsOf the 464 patients with PHPT, 54 (11.6%) had T2DM. We observed an increase in the prevalence of PHPT-T2DM cases over time; only 7 (7.1%) of the total patients with PHPT had T2DM between 2005 and 2009 that increased to 31 (12.8%) in the last half decade (2015-2019). Patients with PHPT-T2DM had a significantly lower prevalence of nephrolithiasis (18.5% vs 36.1%, respectively; P = .03) and a higher prevalence of pancreatitis (22.2% vs 5.6%, respectively; P = .007) than those without T2DM. Furthermore, intact parathyroid hormone (203 pg/mL [139.8-437.3 pg/mL] vs 285 pg/mL [166-692 pg/mL], respectively; P = .04) and serum creatinine (0.90 mg/dL [0.67-1.25 mg/dL] vs 1.10 mg/dL [0.73-1.68 mg/dL], respectively; P = .03) levels were significantly lower in patients with PHPT-T2DM than those without T2DM. Also, tumor weight tended to be lower in patients with PHPT-T2DM than in the non-T2DM counterparts (1.05 g [0.5-2.93 g] vs 2.16 g [0.81-7.0 g], respectively; P = .06).ConclusionThe prevalence of T2DM in Asian Indians with PHPT is 11.6%. Patients with PHPT-T2DM are characterized by a higher prevalence of pancreatitis, a lower prevalence of nephrolithiasis, and lower levels of intact parathyroid hormone/creatinine. Part of the clinical picture can possibly be explained by early detection of PHPT in patients with T2DM consequent to more frequent screening.     

Description of a new species of Kathlania Lane, 1914 (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) from the intestine of the marine fish Trichiurus muticus (Griffith).

Kathlania sprentii n. sp. is described from the intestine of a marine fish. Trichiurus muticus (Griffith) from the South coast of Indian Ocean, India. The new form differs from other known species of the genus in the presence of two rounded teeth-like structures in the buccal capsule, spicule ratio 1:4 and rod-shaped gubernaculum with bifurcated distal end.     

Antioxidant and Anti-hypertensive Bioactive Peptides from Indian Mackerel Fish Waste

International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics - India ranks second in the harvesting and production of fish. The discard of fish is near about 20–40% of total fish weight....     

Human immunodeficiency virus type-2 gene expression: two enhancers and their activation by T-cell activators

The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) may include a spectrum of retroviruses with varying potential to infect their host, undergo long periods of latent infection, and induce pathology. Since expression of the viruses is in large part regulated by the sequence elements in their long terminal repeats (LTRs), this study was directed to an analysis of the regulatory elements in the HIV-2 LTR. The HIV-2 LTR was found to contain two enhancers. One of these enhancers is, in part, identical to the HIV-1 enhancer. This enhancer in HIV-1 is the T-cell activation response element; in HIV-2, however, it is the second enhancer that is mainly responsible for activation in response to T-cell activators. The second enhancer interacts with two nuclear binding proteins (85 kD and 27 kD mobility) that appear to be required for optimal enhancer function and activation. Observations such as these encourage the speculation that there may be subtle differences in the regulation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 expression that may be relevant to the possible longer latency and reduced pathogenicity of HIV-2.