全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1377篇 |
免费 | 83篇 |
专业分类
1460篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 4篇 |
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 24篇 |
2020年 | 5篇 |
2019年 | 18篇 |
2018年 | 26篇 |
2017年 | 21篇 |
2016年 | 36篇 |
2015年 | 32篇 |
2014年 | 52篇 |
2013年 | 66篇 |
2012年 | 92篇 |
2011年 | 89篇 |
2010年 | 52篇 |
2009年 | 64篇 |
2008年 | 95篇 |
2007年 | 96篇 |
2006年 | 87篇 |
2005年 | 92篇 |
2004年 | 69篇 |
2003年 | 76篇 |
2002年 | 65篇 |
2001年 | 37篇 |
2000年 | 31篇 |
1999年 | 28篇 |
1998年 | 15篇 |
1997年 | 5篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 2篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1992年 | 20篇 |
1991年 | 16篇 |
1990年 | 20篇 |
1989年 | 16篇 |
1988年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 17篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1969年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1460条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
A marine araphid pennate diatom Plagiostriata goreensis is described from the sand grains of Goree Island, Dakar, Republic of Senegal, based on observations of fine structure of its frustule. The most striking feature of the species is its striation, which is angled at approximately 60° across the robust sternum. The other defining features of the species are its one highly reduced rimoportula and apical pores located at both ends of the valve margin. In the 18S rDNA phylogeny, the species appears as a member of a ‘small‐celled clade’ of araphid pennate diatoms that consist of Nanofrustulum, Opephora and Staurosira. The results of the phylogenetic analyses suggest that the distinct characters of the diatom; namely, oblique striae and apical pores, may have been acquired independently. However, it remains unclear whether the rimoportula of P. goreensis is a reduced state or P. goreensis acquired its morphologically curious rimoportula independently after the loss of an ancient rimoportula at the root of the small‐celled clade. 相似文献
12.
Sayako Nonaka Hideki Kitaura Keisuke Kimura Masahiko Ishida Teruko Takano-Yamamoto 《Cellular and molecular neurobiology》2013,33(7):885-892
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is widely distributed throughout the nervous system. PACAP not only acts as a neurotransmitter but also elicits a broad spectrum of biological action via the PACAP-specific receptor, PAC1. However, no studies have investigated PACAP and PAC1 in the periodontal ligament (PDL), so we aimed to perform this investigation in rats after tooth luxation. In the PDL of an intact first molar, there are few osteoclasts and osteoblasts. However, at days 3 and 5 after luxation, large PAC1-positive cells, thought to be osteoclasts because of their expression of the osteoclast marker, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, were detected in appreciable numbers. Osteoblast numbers increased dramatically on day 7 after luxation, and PAC1-positive mononuclear small cells were increased at day 14, many of which expressed the osteoblast marker, alkaline phosphatase. PACAP-positive nerve fibers were rarely detected in the PDL of intact first molars, but were increasingly evident at this site on days 5 and 7 after luxation. Double-immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated the relationship between PACAP-positive nerve fibers and PAC1-positive osteoclasts/-blasts in the PDL. At 5 days after luxation, PACAP-positive nerve fibers appeared in close proximity to PAC1-positive osteoclasts. At 7 days after luxation, PACAP-positive nerve fibers appeared in close proximity to PAC1-positive osteoblasts. These results suggest that PACAP may have effects on osteoclasts and osteoblasts in the PDL after tooth luxation and thus regulate bone remodeling after these types of injury. 相似文献
13.
Hiroko Saito Fumiko Matsukawa-Usami Toshihiko Fujimori Toshiya Kimura Takahiro Ide Takaki Yamamoto Tatsuo Shibata Kenta Onoue Satoko Okayama Shigenobu Yonemura Kazuyo Misaki Yurina Soba Yasutaka Kakui Masamitsu Sato Mika Toya Masatoshi Takeichi 《Molecular biology of the cell》2021,32(20)
Motile cilia of multiciliated epithelial cells undergo synchronized beating to produce fluid flow along the luminal surface of various organs. Each motile cilium consists of an axoneme and a basal body (BB), which are linked by a “transition zone” (TZ). The axoneme exhibits a characteristic 9+2 microtubule arrangement important for ciliary motion, but how this microtubule system is generated is not yet fully understood. Here we show that calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3 (CAMSAP3), a protein that can stabilize the minus-end of a microtubule, concentrates at multiple sites of the cilium–BB complex, including the upper region of the TZ or the axonemal basal plate (BP) where the central pair of microtubules (CP) initiates. CAMSAP3 dysfunction resulted in loss of the CP and partial distortion of the BP, as well as the failure of multicilia to undergo synchronized beating. These findings suggest that CAMSAP3 plays pivotal roles in the formation or stabilization of the CP by localizing at the basal region of the axoneme and thereby supports the coordinated motion of multicilia in airway epithelial cells. 相似文献
14.
Zhenzhen Wang Miho Shibata Yen Thi Hoang Nguyen Yayoi Hayata Nariaki Nonaka Haruhiko Maruyama Ayako Yoshida 《Parasitology international》2018,67(5):622-626
Ascarid Larva Migrans Syndrome (ascarid LMS) is a clinical syndrome in humans, caused by the migration of animal roundworm larvae such as Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati and Ascaris suum. Humans may acquire infection by ingesting embryonated eggs, or infective larvae of these parasites in contaminated meat and organ meats. To detect these pathogenic contaminations, a novel nested multiplex PCR system was developed. Our novel nested multiplex PCR assay showed specific amplification of T. canis, T. cati and Ascaris spp. Detection limit of the nested multiplex PCR was tested with serial dilution of T. canis, T. cati or A. suum genomic DNA (gDNA) from 100?pg to 100 ag and found to be 10?fg, 1?fg and 100?fg, respectively. When larvae were spiked into chicken liver tissue, DNA of T. canis and A. suum was detected from the liver spiked with a single larva, while the assay required at least 2 larvae of T. cati. Moreover, the ascarid DNA was detected from the liver of mice infected with 100 and 300 eggs of T. canis, T. cati or A. suum. This nested multiplex PCR assay could be useful for the detection of contamination with ascarid larvae in meat and organ meats. 相似文献
15.
The luciferase secreted by the deep-sea shrimp Oplophorus consists of 19 and 35kDa proteins. The 19-kDa protein (19kOLase), the catalytic component of luminescence reaction, was expressed in Escherichia coli using the cold-shock inducted expression system. 19kOLase, expressed as inclusion bodies, was solubilized with 6M urea and purified by urea-nickel chelate affinity chromatography. The yield of 19kOLase was 16 mg from 400 ml of cultured cells. 19kOLase in 6M urea could be refolded rapidly by dilution with 50mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.8)-10mM EDTA, and the refolded protein showed luminescence activity. The luminescence properties of refolded 19kOLase were characterized, in comparison with native Oplophorus luciferase. Luminescence intensity with bisdeoxycoelenterazine as a substrate was stimulated in the presence of organic solvents. The 19kOLase is a thermolabile protein and is 98 % inhibited by 1muM Cu2+. The cysteine residue of 19kOLase is not essential for catalysis of the luminescence reaction. 相似文献
16.
Shibata S Okano S Yonemitsu Y Onimaru M Sata S Nagata-Takeshita H Inoue M Zhu T Hasegawa M Moroi Y Furue M Sueishi K 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2006,177(6):3564-3576
Dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer immunotherapy has been paid much attention as a new and cancer cell-specific therapeutic in the last decade; however, little clinical outcome has been reported. Current limitations of DC-based cancer immunotherapy include sparse information about which DC phenotype should be administered. We here report a unique, representative, and powerful method to activate DCs, namely recombinant Sendai virus-modified DCs (SeV/DC), for cancer immunotherapy. In vitro treatment of SeV without any bioactive gene solely led DCs to a mature phenotype. Even though the expression of surface markers for DC activation ex vivo did not always reach the level attained by an optimized amount of LPS, superior antitumor effects to B16F1 melanoma, namely tumor elimination and survival, were obtained with use of SeV-GFP/DC as compared with those seen with LPS/DC in vivo, and the effect was enhanced by SeV/DC-expressing IFN-beta (SeV-murine IFN-beta (mIFN-beta)/DC). In case of the treatment of an established tumor of B16F10 (7-9 mm in diameter), a highly malignant subline of B16 melanoma, SeV-modified DCs (both SeV-GFP/DC and SeV-mIFN-beta/DC), but not immature DC and LPS/DC, dramatically improved the survival of animals. Furthermore, SeV-mIFN-beta/DC but not other DCs could lead B16F10 tumor to the dormancy, associated with strongly enhanced CD8+ CTL responses. These results indicate that rSeV is a new and powerful tool as an immune booster for DC-based cancer immunotherapy that can be significantly modified by IFN-beta, and SeV/DC, therefore, warrants further investigation as a promising alternative for cancer immunotherapy. 相似文献
17.
Phylogeny of symbiotic methanogens in the gut of the termite Reticulitermes speratus 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Abstract The phylogeny of a symbiotic methanogen inhabiting the gut of a lower termite, Reticulitermes speratus , was analysed without cultivation. The small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (ssrDNA) and a 640-bp portion of the gene encoding subunit A of methyl coenzyme M reductase ( mcrA ) were amplified from a mixed-population DNA of the termite gut by polymerase chain reaction and cloned. The nucleotide sequence of the ssrDNA and the predicted amino acid sequence of the mcrA product were compared with those of the known methanogens. Both comparisons indicated that the termite symbiotic methanogen belonged to the order Methanobacteriales but was distinct from the known members of this order. 相似文献
18.
Takashi Kobayashi Hiroko Habuchi Ken Nogami Satoko Ashikari‐Hada Koji Tamura Hiroyuki Ide Koji Kimata 《Development, growth & differentiation》2010,52(2):146-156
Heparan sulfate (HS) interacts with numerous growth factors, morphogens, receptors, and extracellular matrix proteins. Disruption of HS synthetic enzymes causes perturbation of growth factor signaling and malformation in vertebrate and invertebrate development. Our previous studies show that the O‐sulfation patterns of HS are essential for the specific binding of growth factors to HS chains, and that depletion of O‐sulfotransferases results in remarkable developmental defects in Drosophila, zebrafish, chick, and mouse. Here, we show that inhibition of chick HS‐6‐O‐sulfotransferases (HS6ST‐1 and HS6ST‐2) in the prospective limb region by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in the truncation of limb buds and reduced Fgf‐8 and Fgf‐10 expressions in the apical ectodermal ridge and in the underlying mesenchyme, respectively. HS6ST‐2 RNAi resulted in a higher frequency of limb truncation and a more marked change in both Fgf‐8 and Fgf‐10 expressions than that achieved with HS6ST‐1 RNAi. HS6ST‐1 RNAi and HS6ST‐2 RNAi caused a significant but distinct reduction in the levels of different 6‐O‐sulfation in HS, possibly as a result of their different substrate specificities. Our data support a model where proper levels and patterns of 6‐O‐sulfation of HS play essential roles in chick limb bud development. 相似文献
19.
20.
Yong-Lin Huang Takashi Tanaka Yosuke Matsuo Isao Kouno Dian-Peng Li Gen-Ichiro Nonaka 《Phytochemistry letters》2012,5(1):158-161
In the course of a chemotaxonomical study of Castanopsis species (Fagaceae), detailed investigation of the leaves of C. sclerophylla led to isolation of three new phenolic compounds together with 62 known compounds. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated as 2-O-galloyl-O-4,6-(S)-valoneoyl-d-glucose (1), 6-O-galloyl-1-O-vanilloyl-β-d-glucose (2), and 4″-O-galloylchestanin (3) by means of spectroscopic analyses and enzymatic hydrolysis with tannase. Comparison with other Castanopsis species indicated that C. sclerophylla characteristically accumulates chlorogenic acid and a dimeric ellagitannin, rugosin E. Triterpene hexahydroxydiphenoyl esters, which are major constituents of C. cuspidata var. sieboldii, C. hystrix, and C. fissa were not detected. 相似文献