Comparison of beta-glucan structures in a cell wall mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the wild type

A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in the cell wall beta-glucan structure was obtained. The mutant cells are extremely sensitive to (beta 1-3)-glucanase digestion and mild alkali treatment. Structural analysis revealed that the alkali-insoluble, skeletal glucan from wild type cells contains two components, a (beta 1-3) linked glucan with a laminated structure, and a highly branched glucan containing predominantly (beta 1-6) linkages. The mutant cells lack the latter component.     

Effect of indomethacin, tiaprofenic acid and dicrofenac on rat gastric mucosal damage and content of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2

Gastric ulcerogenicity and depletion of endogenous prostaglandins (PGs) content induced by tiaprofenic acid, dicrofenac and indomethacin were examined using the same antiinflammatory effective doses. Male Wistar rats were given each of these drugs intragastrically 24, 18, and 3 hrs before sacrifice in the following doses (mg/kg): indomethacin (0.8, 4 and 20); tiaprofenic acid (1.2, 6 and 30); dicrofenac (0.8, 4 and 20). Endogenous prostacyclin (PGI2) and PGE2 in fundic mucosa were determined by radioimmunoassay. The three compounds produced fundic mucosal lesions in a dose-dependent manner. However, tiaprofenic acid and dicrofenac were both less potent than indomethacin in producing gastric mucosal lesions at similar antiinflammatory doses. Mucosal PGE2 content was abolished by the three compounds in the following doses (mg/kg): indomethacin (4 and 20); tiaprofenic acid (6 and 30); dicrofenac (20). Mucosal PGI2 was maintained around 50% of the control value in rats given tiaprofenic acid in a dose of 6 mg/kg or dicrofenac in a dose of 4 mg/kg, while indomethacin in a dose of 4 mg/kg markedly reduced mucosal PGI2 to 17% of the control value. In larger doses, tiaprofenic acid and dicrofenac were also significantly less potent in reducing mucosal PGI2 than indomethacin. These results suggest that the difference in ulcerogenicity between indomethacin and the other two compounds was closely related to their potency in decreasing PGI2 in the gastric (fundic) mucosa.     

Electrophoretic variants of blood proteins in Japanese. IV. Prevalence and enzymologic characteristics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Summary Electrophoretic screening of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49, G6PD) was conducted one sample of 9,260 children born to the atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima (Honshu) and Nagasaki (Kyushu). The prevalence of electrophoretic variants was 0.11% in males and 0.42% in females in Hiroshima, and 0.16% in males and 0.31% in females in Nagasaki. Enzymologic characteristics of 10 variants obtained from three males and seven hemizygous fathers of heterozygous females were examined. As a result, three new types of G6PD variants were identified among five variants detected in Hiroshima, and three new types among five variants in Nagasaki. All the variants except one belonged to Class 3, as defined by Yoshida et al. (1971).     

Antigens associated with various cytotoxic activities of murine peripheral macrophages

BCG- or glucan-elicited murine peripheral macrophages released a cytotoxin in the presence of loach egg lectin, whereas proteose peptone-, glycogen-, or thioglycollate-elicited or resident macrophages did not. The macrophages that released cytotoxin coincided with those that showed lectin-dependent macrophage-mediated cytolysis (LDMC) in response to loach egg lectin. The cytotoxin released by BCG-elicited macrophages in response to loach egg lectin had a molecular weight of 55 K daltons. The macrophages that released cytotoxin and other cytotoxic macrophages such as those that showed LDMC- and antibody-dependent macrophage-mediated cytolysis (ADMC) were examined by using several antibodies to surface antigens of macrophages. The results showed that murine peripheral macrophages could be divided into three types. Resident macrophages (Type I) which had common macrophage antigens (Mac-1 and B12) showed only LDMC in response to wheat germ agglutinin. Some elicited macrophages (Type II) were asialo GM1-positive and showed both ADMC and LDMC in response to wheat germ agglutinin. Activated macrophages (Type III) showed LDMC in response to loach egg lectin and cytotoxin-release, but had no antigen detectable with monoclonal anti-macrophage antibody (C14). These three types of macrophages were clearly distinguished diagrammatically by their roof-shaped, rocket-shaped and irregular-shaped profiles of activities and antigens. These data suggest that several selected surface antigens of macrophages are associated with distinct cytotoxic stages of peripheral macrophages.     

Receptor recycling: liberation of glucocorticoid receptors from liver nuclei in vitro

Dynamics of the steroid receptors seems to be the consequence of receptor recycling. In the present study, as a clue to elucidate the mechanism of receptor recycling, factors which affect the rate of liberation of nuclear bound 3H-glucocorticoids were examined in vitro. Among the factors examined, NAD, NADPH, cAMP and p-nitrophenyl phosphate accelerated the liberation of radioactivity from nuclei in a temperature-dependent manner when added to the incubation mixture. The presence of a large amount of unlabeled dexamethasone (Dex) did not modify the rate of liberation. From these results, it was concluded that the metabolism of ligand bound to the receptor is not a necessary step in the liberation of receptor from nuclei. These agents did not influence the binding process of 3H-Dex-receptor complex to DNA-cellulose. Therefore the stimulation of receptor release does not seem to be mediated by reducing the binding affinity between nuclei and receptor complexes. The liberated radioactivity was eluted on a Sephadex G-100 column in the void volume and in macromolecule-unbound fractions. In both fractions, the majority of the radioactivity comigrated with authentic glucocorticoids on thin-layer chromatography.     

The frequency among Japanese of heterozygotes for deficiency variants of 11 enzymes

Eleven human enzymes, chosen for this study because of relatively small coefficients of variation for mean activity, have been surveyed for the frequency with which activities less than or equal to 66% of the mean value occur. This criterion should detect almost all heterozygotes for variants lacking any activity plus a fraction of the persons with variants characterized by markedly depressed activity and/or instability. The enzymes surveyed are TPI, PGK, AK1, LDH, GAPD, GPI, PK, 6PGD, G6PD, GOT1, and HK. The number of determinations per enzyme ranged from 310 to 3,173, for a total of 26,634 determinations. Family studies have thus far been possible in 52 instances in which the initial observation of activity less than or equal to 66% of normal was confirmed. In every instance, a parent exhibited a similar finding, giving confidence that a true genetic entity was being detected. With this approach, the frequency of heterozygotes per 1,000 determinations varied from 0.0 (AK1, 6PGD) to 13.8 (PK), with an average of 2.4. For these same systems, in this laboratory the frequency of "rare" electrophoretic variants is 2.3/1,000, the ratio of the latter to the former thus being 1.0 in Japanese. Our experience with these deficiency phenotypes to date suggests that for selected enzymes such phenotypes can be incorporated into a program designed to detect mutational events.     

The syntheses of isoquinoline alkaloids and related compounds by biogenetic type reactions

This contribution describes the biogenetic-type syntheses of some isoquinoline alkaloids and related compounds which, without duplicating our previous review (1), is based on papers published after 1970.     

Differential regulation of the low affinity Fc receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon R2/CD23) and the IL-2 receptor (Tac/p55) on eosinophilic leukemia cell line (EoL-1 and EoL-3)

Two types of activation Ag, low affinity FcR for IgE (Fc epsilon R2)/CD23 and IL-2R (Tac/p55), were expressed and differently regulated on human eosinophilic leukemia cell lines (EoL-1 and EoL-3). Because the binding of IgE on EoL-3 cells was completely inhibited by H107 (anti-Fc epsilon R2/CD23 mAb) but not by irrelevant mAb, essentially all the low affinity Fc epsilon R2 on EoL-3 seemed to be the Fc epsilon R2/CD23 molecules. Both IL-4 and IFN-gamma enhanced the surface expression of Fc epsilon R2, whereas IL-1, IL-2, and IL-5 showed no effects, as determined by surface staining with anti-Fc epsilon R2 antibody (H107). In contrast to Fc epsilon R2 up-regulation, IL-4 and IFN-gamma showed a differential effect on the regulation of IL-2R (Tac/p55). Whereas IFN-gamma up-regulated the receptor expression of IL-2R/Tac, IL-4 did not. The result suggests that these lymphokines are involved in the different aspects of the activation pathway of the eosinophils. The possible role of Fc epsilon R2 and IL-2R on the function of eosinophils in allergic reaction is discussed.     

Harderianization is another sexual dimorphism of rat exorbital lacrimal gland

The exorbital lacrimal glands (ELG) of rats were examined for both sexes to determine what degree of harderianization occurred as a function of age and after castration, and to investigate its time course and origin in ELG. Light microscopically, very small Harderian foci were seen in the ELG of both sexes at 3 weeks of age. As the male rats became older, the relative volume of the Harderian gland (HG) cells in the ELG increased. At age 6 months, the value was 1.25 +/- 0.31% in males and 0.13 +/- 0.05% in females (p less than 0.05). After castration, a significant decrease (0.21 +/- 0.01%, p less than 0.05) was observed in that of male ELG. In contrast, in female ELG, HG cells were inconspicuous and the relative volume of those did not vary during this experimental period or after castration. It appeared that the HG cells had developed from undifferentiated basal cells of the acini and the intercalated ducts in the ELG at age 2-6 months. Then, at age 22 months, they also probably developed from those of the excretory ducts of the ELG.