Myxosporea (Myxozoa,Cnidaria) Lack DNA Cytosine Methylation

DNA cytosine methylation is central to many biological processes, including regulation of gene expression, cellular differentiation, and development. This DNA modification is conserved across animals, having been found in representatives of sponges, ctenophores, cnidarians, and bilaterians, and with very few known instances of secondary loss in animals. Myxozoans are a group of microscopic, obligate endoparasitic cnidarians that have lost many genes over the course of their evolution from free-living ancestors. Here, we investigated the evolution of the key enzymes involved in DNA cytosine methylation in 29 cnidarians and found that these enzymes were lost in an ancestor of Myxosporea (the most speciose class of Myxozoa). Additionally, using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, we confirmed that the genomes of two distant species of myxosporeans, Ceratonova shasta and Henneguya salminicola, completely lack DNA cytosine methylation. Our results add a notable and novel taxonomic group, the Myxosporea, to the very short list of animal taxa lacking DNA cytosine methylation, further illuminating the complex evolutionary history of this epigenetic regulatory mechanism.     

Ce−ZSM-5: A Highly Capable Catalyst for the Construction of Acridines in Water and Their Computational Study against DNA Gyrase Protein

Cerium doped ZSM-5 (Ce−ZSM-5) as an environmentally benign and reusable catalyst for the construction of acridines in aqueous medium. This method produced corresponding acridines with good yields and shorter reaction times. Also avoids the use of hazardous solvents and involves a simple work-up process. The solid catalyst was prepared by doping Ce ions with ZSM-5 (Zeolite Socony Mobil-5) and confirmed by XRD, BET SA-PSD and SEM. The synthesised acridine derivatives were confirmed by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic data. The docking studies of the synthesised compounds are performed by the PyRx auto dock tool against DNA gyrase protein. The products 5a and 6d are found to be the best fit ligands against DNA gyrase protein.     

Simultaneous Cellulase Production, Saccharification and Detoxification Using Dilute Acid Hydrolysate of S. spontaneum with Trichoderma reesei NCIM 992 and Aspergillus niger

Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic materials has several limitations. One aspect is the high production cost of cellulases used for saccharification of substrate and inhibition of fermenting yeast due to inhibitors released in acid hydrolysis. In the present work we have made an attempt to achieve simultaneous cellulases production, saccharification and detoxification using dilute acid hydrolysate of Saccharum spontaneum with and without addition of nutrients, supplemented with acid hydrolyzed biomass prior to inoculation in one set and after 3 days of inoculation in another set. Organisms used were T. reesei NCIM 992, and Aspergillus niger isolated in our laboratory. Cellulase yield obtained was 0.8 IU/ml on fourth day with T. reesei. Sugars were found to increase from fourth to fifth day, when hydrolysate was supplemented with nutrients and acid hydrolyzed biomass followed by inoculation with T. reesei. Phenolics were also found to decrease by 67%.     

Disulfiram and Its Copper Chelate Attenuate Cisplatin-Induced Acute Nephrotoxicity in Rats Via Reduction of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Biological Trace Element Research - The use of cisplatin (CP) in chemotherapy of resistant cancers is limited due to its dose-dependent nephrotoxicity. Disulfiram (DSF), the aversion therapy for...