R-prime plasmids from Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Rhizobium fredii

The formation of R-prime plasmids was selected in crosses involving soybean microsymbionts with genomic Tn5 insertions and carrying plasmid pJB3JI (with one IS2) copy as donors and Escherichia coli HB101 as recipient. Whereas the parent plasmid was 60 kb, recombinant plasmids between 76 kb and 121 kb were obtained. Restriction and Southern analyses confirmed the mobilization of Tn5 on four R-primes from Bradyrhizobium japonicum I-110 and on an R-prime plasmid from Rhizobium fredii HH303. The largest R-prime plasmid was obtained from the rescue of two symbiotically defective R. fredii mutant strains that required adenosine.Non-standard abbreviation TDP transposon donor pool Scientific article number A-4728 and contribution number 7724 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station     

Extracellular potassium can simulate the role of serum as an activator of uridine uptake by quiescent hamster cells in culture

Replacement of ~100 mM of sodium chloride in the extracellular medium of quiescent hamster fibroblasts (Nil 8 and BHK cells) by potassium chloride causes an increase in the rate of uridine uptake. This increase is identical with that achieved by addition of 10% serum to the same cultures. The effects of serum and KCl are not additive. The dependence of the rate of uridine uptake on extracellular KCl concentration is of a sigmoid nature. The time course of the activation process is similar to that of serum activation of uridine uptake in the same cells. The high rate of uridine uptake persists for at least 30 min after return to an extracellular medium containing a high concentration of sodium.     

Immunolocalization of β-1-4-galactan and its relationship with lignin distribution in developing compression wood of Cryptomeria japonica

Compression wood (CW) contains higher quantities of β-1-4-galactan than does normal wood (NW). However, the physiological roles and ultrastructural distribution of β-1-4-galactan during CW formation are still not well understood. The present work investigated deposition of β-1-4-galactan in differentiating tracheids of Cryptomeria japonica during CW formation using an immunological probe (LM5) combined with immunomicroscopy. Our immunolabeling studies clearly showed that differences in the distribution of β-1-4-galactan between NW (and opposite wood, OW) and CW are initiated during the formation of the S₁ layer. At this stage, CW was strongly labeled in the S₁ layer, whereas no label was observed in the S₁ layer of NW and OW. Immunogold labeling showed that β-1-4-galactan in the S₁ layer of CW tracheids significantly decreased during the formation of the S₂ layer. Most β-1-4-galactan labeling was present in the outer S₂ region in mature CW tracheids, and was absent in the inner S₂ layer that contained helical cavities in the cell wall. In addition, delignified CW tracheids showed significantly more labeling of β-1-4-galactan in the secondary cell wall, suggesting that lignin is likely to mask β-1-4-galactan epitopes. The study clearly showed that β-1-4-galactan in CW was mainly deposited in the outer portion of the secondary cell wall, indicating that its distribution may be spatially consistent with lignin distribution in CW tracheids of Cryptomeria japonica.     

Disparity in Physician Perception of Patients' Adherence to Medications by Obesity Status

Physician perception of medication adherence may alter prescribing patterns. Perception of patients has been linked to readily observable factors, such as race and age. Obesity shares a similar stigma to these factors in society. We hypothesized that physicians would perceive patients with a higher BMI as nonadherent to medication. Data were collected from the baseline visit of a randomized clinical trial of patient–physician communication (240 patients and 40 physicians). Physician perception of patient medication adherence was measured on a Likert scale and dichotomized as fully adherent or not fully adherent. BMI was the predictor of interest. We performed Poisson regression analyses with robust variance estimates, adjusting for clustering of patients within physicians, to examine the association between BMI and physician perception of medication adherence. The mean (s.d.) BMI was 32.6 (7.7) kg/m². Forty‐five percent of patients were perceived as nonadherent to medications by their physicians. Higher BMI was significantly and negatively associated with being perceived as adherent to medication (prevalence ratio (PrR) 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64–0.90; P = 0.002; per 10 kg/m² increase in BMI). BMI remained significantly and negatively associated with physician perception of medication adherence after adjustment for patient and physician characteristics (PrR 0.80, 95% CI: 0.66–0.96; P = 0.020). In this study, patients with higher BMI were less likely to be perceived as adherent to medications by their providers. Physician perception of medication adherence has been shown to affect prescribing patterns in other studies. More work is needed to understand how this perception may affect the care of patients with obesity.     

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Acupuncture Stimulation via the Vagus Nerve

Although acupuncture therapy is widely used in traditional Asian medicine for the treatment of diverse internal organ disorders, its underlying biological mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the functional involvement of acupuncture stimulation (AS) in the regulation of inflammatory responses. TNF-α production in mouse serum, which was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, was decreased by manual acupuncture (MAC) at the zusanli acupoint (stomach36, ST36). In the spleen, TNF-α mRNA and protein levels were also downregulated by MAC and were recovered by using a splenic neurectomy and a vagotomy. c-Fos, which was induced in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) by LPS and electroacupuncture (EAC), was further increased by focal administration of the AMPA receptor blocker CNQX and the purinergic receptor antagonist PPADS. TNF-α levels in the spleen were decreased by CNQX and PPADS treatments, implying the involvement of inhibitory neuronal activity in the DVC. In unanesthetized animals, both MAC and EAC generated c-Fos induction in the DVC neurons. However, MAC, but not EAC, was effective in decreasing splenic TNF-α production. These results suggest that the therapeutic effects of acupuncture may be mediated through vagal modulation of inflammatory responses in internal organs.     

Effect of Composition and Impurities on the Phosphorescence of Green-Emitting Alkaline Earth Aluminate Phosphor

Recent improvements to SrAl₂O₄:Eu²⁺, Dy³⁺ phosphors have enabled the use of luminescent hosts with a stable crystal structure and high physical and chemical stability, thus overcoming the bottleneck in the applicability of ZnS:Cu phosphors. However, enhancement of afterglow lifetime and brightness in SrAl₂O₄:Eu²⁺, Dy³⁺ phosphors remains a challenging task. Here, we have improved the afterglow characteristics in terms of persistence time and brightness by a systematic investigation of the composition of Eu-doped alkaline earth aluminate SrAl₂O₄:Eu²⁺, Dy³⁺ crystals. We found that a Dy³⁺/Eu²⁺ ratio of ~2.4 and ~0.935 mol Eu²⁺ (per mol of SrAl₂O₄) gave the brightest and longest emissions (11% and 9% increase for each). Doping with Si⁴⁺ also resulted in a slight increase in brightness up to ~15%. Doping with alkali metal or alkaline earth metal significantly enhanced the phosphorescence intensity. In particular, doping with 0.005 mol Li⁺ (per mol of SrAl₂O₄) alone boosted the phosphorescence intensity to 239% of the initial value, as compared to that observed for the non-doped crystal, while doping with 0.01 mol Mg²⁺ and 0.005 mol Li⁺ (per 1 mol SrAl₂O₄) boosted the phosphorescence intensity up to 313% of the initial value. The results of this investigation are expected to act as a guideline for the synthesis of bright and long persistent phosphors, and facilitate the development of persistent phosphors with afterglow characteristics superior to those of conventional phosphors.     

Secretion of Recombinant Pediocin PA-1 by Bifidobacterium longum, Using the Signal Sequence for Bifidobacterial α-Amylase

A recombinant DNA, encoding the chimeric protein of the signal sequence for bifidobacterial α-amylase mature pediocin PA-1, was introduced into Bifidobacterium longum MG1. Biologically active pediocin PA-1 was successfully secreted from the strain and showed bactericidal activity against Listeria monocytogenes and the same molecular mass as native pediocin PA-1.