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Tenzin Dhand NK Gyeltshen T Firestone S Zangmo C Dema C Gyeltshen R Ward MP 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2011,5(11):e1391
Background
Dog bites in humans are a public health problem worldwide. The issues of increasing stray dog populations, rabies outbreaks, and the risk of dogs biting humans have been frequently reported by the media in Bhutan. This study aimed to estimate the bite incidence and identify the risk factors for dog bites in humans, and to estimate human deaths from rabies in rabies endemic south Bhutan.Methods
A hospital-based questionnaire survey was conducted during 2009–2010 among dog bites victims who visited three hospitals in Bhutan for anti-rabies vaccine injection. Decision tree modeling was used to estimate human deaths from rabies following dog bite injuries in two rabies endemic areas of south Bhutan.Results
Three hundred and twenty four dog bite victims were interviewed. The annual incidence of dog bites differed between the hospital catchment areas: 869.8 (95% CI: 722.8–1022.5), 293.8 (240–358.2) and 284.8 (251.2–323) per 100,000 people in Gelephu, Phuentsholing and Thimphu, respectively. Males (62%) were more at risk than females (P<0.001). Children aged 5–9 years were bitten more than other age groups. The majority of victims (71%) were bitten by stray dogs. No direct fatal injury was reported. In two hospital areas (Gelephu and Phuentsholing) in south Bhutan the annual incidence of death from rabies was 3.14 (95% CI: 1.57–6.29) per 100,000 population. The decision tree model predicted an equivalent annual incidence of 4.67 (95% CI: 2.53–7.53) deaths/100,000 population at risk. In the absence of post exposure prophylaxis, the model predicted 19.24 (95% CI: 13.69–25.14) deaths/year in these two areas.Conclusions
Increased educational awareness of people about the risk of dog bites and rabies is necessary, particularly for children in rabies endemic areas of Bhutan. 相似文献22.
It is becoming increasingly evident that micro-RNAs (miRNA) play a significant role in regulating the cellular machinery.
These ∼22-nt non-coding RNAs function as negative regulators of gene expression. Since their discovery, considerable information
has been obtained on miRNA biology and the mechanism of their action. Guidelines have been established for miRNA nomenclature
and databases have been built to house all miRNA from many species. A number of methodologies are available for miRNA analysis.
There is a lot of interest in developing bioinformatics approaches to predict miRNA target genes. This article will bring
together the information on our current knowledge of miRNA biology, the approaches for miRNA analysis, and computational strategies
to gain insight in miRNA functional roles. 相似文献
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Katharina M. Ruhe Eva De Clercq Tenzin Wangmo Bernice S. Elger 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2016,13(4):515-524
Problems arise when applying the current procedural conceptualization of decision-making capacity to paediatric healthcare: Its emphasis on content-neutrality and rational cognition as well as its implicit assumption that capacity is an ability that resides within a person jeopardizes children’s position in decision-making. The purpose of the paper is to challenge this dominant account of capacity and provide an alternative for how capacity should be understood in paediatric care. First, the influence of developmental psychologist Jean Piaget upon the notion of capacity is discussed, followed by an examination of Vygostky’s contextualist view on children’s development, which emphasizes social interactions and learning for decision-making capacity. In drawing parallels between autonomy and capacity, substantive approaches to relational autonomy are presented that underline the importance of the content of a decision. The authors then provide a relational reconceptualization of capacity that leads the focus away from the individual to include important social others such as parents and physicians. Within this new approach, the outcome of adults’ decision-making processes is accepted as a guiding factor for a good decision for the child. If the child makes a choice that is not approved by adults, the new conceptualization emphasizes mutual exchange and engagement by both parties. 相似文献
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Sangay Zangmo Chonticha Klungthong Piyawan Chinnawirotpisan Srisurang Tantimavanich Nathamon Kosoltanapiwat Butsaya Thaisomboonsuk Kelzang Phuntsho Sonam Wangchuk In-Kyu Yoon Stefan Fernandez 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2015,9(8)
Dengue is one of the most significant public health problems in tropical and subtropical countries, and is increasingly being detected in traditionally non-endemic areas. In Bhutan, dengue virus (DENV) has only recently been detected and limited information is available. In this study, we analyzed the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of DENV in two southern districts in Bhutan from 2013–2014. During this period, 379 patients were clinically diagnosed with suspected dengue, of whom 119 (31.4%) were positive for DENV infection by NS1 ELISA and/or nested RT-PCR. DENV serotypes 1, 2 and 3 were detected with DENV-1 being predominant. Phylogenetic analysis of DENV-1 using envelope gene demonstrated genotype V, closely related to strains from northern India. 相似文献
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Tenzin Tenzin Rubaiya Ahmed Nitish C. Debnath Garba Ahmed Mat Yamage 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2015,9(5)
Beginning January 2012, a humane method of dog population management using a Catch-Neuter-Vaccinate-Release (CNVR) program was implemented in Dhaka City, Bangladesh as part of the national rabies control program. To enable this program, the size and distribution of the free-roaming dog population needed to be estimated. We present the results of a dog population survey and a pilot assessment of the CNVR program coverage in Dhaka City. Free-roaming dog population surveys were undertaken in 18 wards of Dhaka City on consecutive days using mark-resight methods. Data was analyzed using Lincoln-Petersen index-Chapman correction methods. The CNVR program was assessed over the two years (2012–2013) whilst the coverage of the CNVR program was assessed by estimating the proportion of dogs that were ear-notched (processed dogs) via dog population surveys. The free-roaming dog population was estimated to be 1,242 (95 % CI: 1205–1278) in the 18 sampled wards and 18,585 dogs in Dhaka City (52 dogs/km2) with an estimated human-to-free-roaming dog ratio of 828:1. During the two year CNVR program, a total of 6,665 dogs (3,357 male and 3,308 female) were neutered and vaccinated against rabies in 29 of the 92 city wards. A pilot population survey indicated a mean CNVR coverage of 60.6% (range 19.2–79.3%) with only eight wards achieving > 70% coverage. Given that the coverage in many neighborhoods was below the WHO-recommended threshold level of 70% for rabies eradications and since the CNVR program takes considerable time to implement throughout the entire Dhaka City area, a mass dog vaccination program in the non-CNVR coverage area is recommended to create herd immunity. The findings from this study are expected to guide dog population management and the rabies control program in Dhaka City and elsewhere in Bangladesh. 相似文献
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Genome‐wide association analysis reveals the common genetic locus for both the typical and atypical polycerate phenotype in Tibetan sheep 下载免费PDF全文
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Considerable methane uptake by alpine grasslands despite the cold climate: in situ measurements on the central Tibetan Plateau, 2008–2013 下载免费PDF全文
The uptake of CH4 by aerate soil plays a secondary role in the removal of tropospheric CH4, but it is still highly uncertain in terms of its magnitude, spatial, and temporal variation. In an attempt to quantify the sink of the vast alpine grasslands (1 400 000 km2) of the Tibetan Plateau, we conducted in situ measurements in an alpine steppe (4730 m) and alpine meadow (4900 m) using the static chamber and gas chromatograph method. For the alpine steppe, measurements (2008–2013) suggested that there is large interannual variability in CH4 uptake, ranging from ?48.8 to ?95.8 μg CH4 m?2 h?1 (averaged of ?71.5 ± 2.5 μg CH4 m?2 h?1), due to the variability in precipitation seasonality. The seasonal pattern of CH4 uptakes in the form of stronger uptake in the early growing season and weaker uptake in the rainy season closely matched the precipitation seasonality and subsequent soil moisture variation. The relationships between alpine steppe CH4 uptake and soil moisture/temperature are best depicted by a quadratic function and an exponential function (Q10 = 1.67) respectively. Our measurements also showed that the alpine meadow soil (average of ?59.2 ± 3.7 μg CH4 m?2 h?1) uptake less CH4 than the alpine steppe and produces a similar seasonal pattern, which is negatively regulated by soil moisture. Our measurements quantified – at values far higher than those estimated by process‐based models – that both the alpine steppe and alpine meadow are considerable CH4 sinks, despite the cold weather of this high‐altitude area. The consecutive measurements gathered in this study also highlight that precipitation seasonality tends to drive the interannual variation in CH4 uptake, indicating that future study should be done to better characterize how CH4 cycling might feedback to the more extreme climate. 相似文献
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Yee Him Cheung Tenzin Gayden Philippe M. Campeau Charles A. LeDuc Donna Russo Van-Hung Nguyen Jiancheng Guo Ming Qi Yanfang Guan Steffen Albrecht Brenda Moroz Karen W. Eldin James T. Lu Jeremy Schwartzentruber David Malkin Albert M. Berghuis Sherif Emil Richard A. Gibbs David L. Burk Megan Vanstone Brendan H. Lee David Orchard Kym M. Boycott Wendy K. Chung Nada Jabado 《American journal of human genetics》2013
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