全文获取类型
收费全文 | 9642篇 |
免费 | 753篇 |
国内免费 | 41篇 |
专业分类
10436篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 9篇 |
2023年 | 47篇 |
2022年 | 127篇 |
2021年 | 226篇 |
2020年 | 155篇 |
2019年 | 209篇 |
2018年 | 269篇 |
2017年 | 279篇 |
2016年 | 410篇 |
2015年 | 604篇 |
2014年 | 681篇 |
2013年 | 749篇 |
2012年 | 912篇 |
2011年 | 872篇 |
2010年 | 597篇 |
2009年 | 484篇 |
2008年 | 643篇 |
2007年 | 602篇 |
2006年 | 496篇 |
2005年 | 446篇 |
2004年 | 382篇 |
2003年 | 323篇 |
2002年 | 315篇 |
2001年 | 65篇 |
2000年 | 80篇 |
1999年 | 81篇 |
1998年 | 59篇 |
1997年 | 47篇 |
1996年 | 31篇 |
1995年 | 28篇 |
1994年 | 26篇 |
1993年 | 19篇 |
1992年 | 15篇 |
1991年 | 25篇 |
1990年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 12篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 12篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 5篇 |
1974年 | 4篇 |
1971年 | 3篇 |
1969年 | 3篇 |
1968年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
901.
Human studies reveal sex differences in myocardial function as well as in the incidence and manifestation of heart disease. Myocellular Ca(2+) cycling regulates normal contractile function; whereas cardiac dysfunction in heart failure has been associated with alterations in Ca(2+)-handling proteins. Beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) signaling regulates activity of several Ca(2+)-handling proteins and alterations in beta-AR signaling are associated with heart disease. This study examines sex differences in expression of beta(1)-AR, beta(2)-AR, and Ca(2+)-handling proteins including: L-type calcium channel (Ca(v)1.2) , ryanodine calcium-release channels (RyR), sarcoplasmic reticular Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA2), phospholamban (PLB) and Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchange protein (NCX) in healthy hearts from male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Protein levels were examined using Western blot analysis. Abundance of mRNA was determined by real time RT-PCR normalized to abundance of GAPDH mRNA. Contraction parameters were measured in right ventricular papillary muscle in the presence and absence of isoproterenol. Results demonstrate that female ventricle has significantly higher levels of Ca(v)1.2, RyR, and NCX protein compared to males. Messenger RNA abundance for RyR, and NCX protein was significantly higher in females whereas Ca(v)1.2 mRNA was higher in males. No differences were detected in beta-ARs, SERCA2 or PLB. Female right papillary muscle had a faster maximal rate of force development and decline (+/- dF/dt). There were no sex differences in response to isoproterenol. Results show significant sex differences in expression of key ventricular Ca(2+)-handling proteins that are associated with small functional differences in +/- dF/dt. Further studies will determine whether differences in the abundance of these key proteins play a role in sex disparities in the incidence and manifestation of heart disease. 相似文献
902.
Emiko Rimbara Shigetarou Mori Hyun Kim Keigo Shibayama 《Microbiology and immunology》2013,57(10):665-673
γ‐Glutamyltranspeptidase and asparaginase have been shown to play important roles in Helicobacter pylori colonization and cell death induced by H. pylori infection. In this study, the association of γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase and asparaginase was elucidated by comparing activities of both deamidases in H. pylori strains from patients with chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and gastric cancer. γ‐Glutamyltranspeptidase activities in H. pylori strains from patients with gastric cancer were significantly higher than in those from patients with chronic gastritis or gastric ulcers. There was a wide range of asparaginase activities in H. pylori strains from patients with gastric cancer and these were not significantly than those from patients with other diseases. To identify the contributions of γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase and asparaginase to gastric cell inflammation, human gastric epithelial cells (AGS line) were infected with H. pylori wild‐type and knockout strains and inflammatory responses evaluated by induction of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8). IL‐8 response was significantly decreased by knockout of the γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase‐encoding gene but not by knockout of the asparaginase‐encoding gene. Additionally, IL‐8 induction by infection with the H. pylori wild‐type strain was significantly decreased by adding glutamine during infection. These findings indicate that IL‐8 induction caused by γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase activity in H. pylori is mainly attributable to depletion of glutamine. These data suggest that γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase plays a significant role in the chronic inflammation caused by H. pylori infection. 相似文献
903.
Jong An Lee Jung Ho Ahn Gi Bae Kim Sol Choi Ji Yeon Kim Sang Yup Lee 《Biotechnology and bioengineering》2023,120(1):203-215
Microbial production of various TCA intermediates and related chemicals through the reductive TCA cycle has been of great interest. However, rumen bacteria that naturally possess strong reductive TCA cycle have been rarely studied to produce these chemicals, except for succinic acid, due to their dependence on fumarate reduction to transport electrons for ATP synthesis. In this study, malic acid (MA), a dicarboxylic acid of industrial importance, was selected as a target chemical for mass production using Mannheimia succiniciproducens, a rumen bacterium possessing a strong reductive branch of the TCA cycle. The metabolic pathway was reconstructed by eliminating fumarase to prevent MA conversion to fumarate. The respiration system of M. succiniciproducens was reconstructed by introducing the Actinobacillus succinogenes dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) reductase to improve cell growth using DMSO as an electron acceptor. Also, the cell membrane was engineered by employing Pseudomonas aeruginosa cis-trans isomerase to enhance MA tolerance. High inoculum fed-batch fermentation of the final engineered strain produced 61 g/L of MA with an overall productivity of 2.27 g/L/h, which is the highest MA productivity reported to date. The systems metabolic engineering strategies reported in this study will be useful for developing anaerobic bioprocesses for the production of various industrially important chemicals. 相似文献
904.
Chang Geun Yoo Hoon Kim Fachuang Lu Ali Azarpira Xuejun Pan Kyeong Keun Oh Jun Seok Kim John Ralph Tae Hyun Kim 《Bioenergy Research》2016,9(1):67-76
Physicochemical characteristics of corn stover pretreated by soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA) and low-moisture anhydrous ammonia (LMAA) were compared and investigated. The glucan digestibility of the treated biomass reached 90 % (SAA) and 84 % (LMAA). The LMAA pretreatment enhanced the digestibility by cleaving cross-linkages between cell wall components, whereas the SAA pretreatment additionally improved the digestibility by efficiently removing a major portion of the lignin under mild reaction conditions without significant loss of carbohydrates. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) revealed the structural and chemical transformations of lignin during the pretreatments. Both pretreatments effectively cleaved ferulate cell wall cross-linking that is associated with the recalcitrance of grass lignocellulosics toward enzymatic saccharification. Extracted lignin from SAA pretreatment was extensively depolymerized but retained “native” character, as evidenced by the retention of β-ether linkages. 相似文献
905.
TRPML3 is a Ca2+ permeable cation channel expressed in multiple intracellular compartments. Although TRPML3 is implicated in autophagy, how TRPML3 can regulate autophagy is not understood. To search interacting proteins with TRPML3 in autophagy, we performed split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid (MY2H) screening with TRPML3-loop as a bait and identified GATE16, a mammalian ATG8 homologue. GST pull-down assay revealed that TRPML3 and TRPML3-loop specifically bind to GATE16, not to LC3B. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) experiments showed that TRPML3 and TRPML3-loop pull down only the lipidated form of GATE16, indicating that the interaction occurs exclusively at the organellar membrane. The interaction of TRPML3 with GATE16 and GATE16-positive vesicle formation were increased in starvation induced autophagy, suggesting that the interaction facilitates the function of GATE16 in autophagosome formation. However, GATE16 was not required for TRPML3 trafficking to autophagosomes. Experiments using dominant-negative (DN) TRPML3(D458K) showed that GATE16 is localized not only in autophagosomes but also in extra-autophagosomal compartments, by contrast with LC3B. Since GATE16 acts at a later stage of the autophagosome biogenesis, our results suggest that TRPML3 plays a role in autophagosome maturation through the interaction with GATE16, by providing Ca2+ in the fusion process. 相似文献
906.
Won Young Lee Hyun-Cheol Kim Yeong-Deok Han Chang-Uk Hyun Seongseop Park Jin-Woo Jung Jeong-Hoon Kim 《Journal of Ethology》2017,35(1):131-135
In recent decades, the glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula have been rapidly retreating. Using satellite images taken during the austral summer from 1989 to 2016, we estimated the glacier pattern on King George Island in the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica, and found that glacier boundaries have gradually retreated. We have recorded the kelp gull nest sites in this glacier-retreat region during four breeding seasons (from 2012–2013 to 2015–2016). Satellite images and newly established kelp gull nests suggest that glacier retreat could lead to an enlarged breeding habitat for kelp gulls. 相似文献
907.
908.
E‐Hyun SHIN Wook‐Gyo LEE Kyu‐Sik CHANG Young‐Mi CHOI Hee‐Il LEE Longzhu JIN Jixu LI Longnan CHEN Dong‐Kyu LEE Chan PARK 《Entomological Research》2011,41(1):36-38
Adult mosquito surveillance was conducted using black light traps in August of 2006 and 2007 at Wangging county and Yanji city, Jilin Province, China to identify the distribution of anopheline mosquitoes in northern China. A total of 2459 female mosquitoes comprising three genera and eight species including Anopheles (Anopheles) lesteri, An. (Ano.) kleini, An. (Ano.) pullus, Culex inatomii, Cx. orientalis, Cx. pipiens, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus and Aedes vexans nipponii were collected. The most commonly collected species was An. kleini which had not been previously reported from China. Anopheles sinensis sensu stricto is commonly collected throughout China, but was not collected from these areas. 相似文献
909.
Zheng Lu Jin Joon Ki Hong Dae-Jin Yun Sang Yeoi Lee Young Ju Choi Jeong Dong Bahk Roger N. Beachy Moo Je Cho Chae Oh Lim 《Journal of Plant Biology》2002,45(2):77-82
Nicotiana benthamiana plants were transformed with the movement protein (MP) gene of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), usingAgrobacterium-mediated transformation. Plants regenerated from the transformed cells accumulated 30-kDa MP and complemented the activity of TMV
MP when infected with chimeric TMVs containing defective MR These transgenic plants displayed stunting, pale-green leaves,
and starch accumulations, indicating that TMV MP altered the carbon partitioning for leaves involved in TMV cell-to-cell movement. 相似文献
910.
Sisi Patricia Lolita Ameria Hye Sook Jung Hee Sook Kim Sang Soo Han Hak Sung Kim Jin Ho Lee 《Biotechnology letters》2015,37(8):1637-1644