Diversity and composition of trees and shrubs in Kasagala forest: a semiarid savannah woodland in central Uganda

The diversity and composition of trees and shrubs of ≥5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were investigated in Kasagala woodland in central Uganda using 1 ha permanent sample plots. A total of 2745 trees and shrubs with a mean stem density of 686 ha⁻¹ were recorded. These included 69 tree species belonging to 28 families and 47 genera. There was a larger number of small stems compared with that of larger stems. There was significant variation in stem size class distribution between the plots ( F  =   3.14, P  =   0.027). The variation in stem densities (counts) across different size classes was significant ( F  =   8.31, P  <   0.001). Species diversity was higher in the low lands compared with that in the elevated sites in the woodland. The species encountered were unevenly distributed across the plots. Species abundance was not significantly different across the sample plots ( F  =   2.63, P  =   0.053). We suggest that the structure of the forest is typical of any regenerating forest, but other human influences may have played a part in the dominance of size classes <10 cm DBH. The causes of the present status and composition of the woodland require further investigation.     

Testing of an ammonia ion selective electrode for ammonia nitrogen measurement in the methanogenic sludge

Summary The ammonia ion selective electrode method was the most practical and the most convenient one for measuring the ammonia nitrogen in methanogenic sludge. This is because of its simplicity, rapidity, high precision and accuracy, freedom from interference, small sample size, and possibility for continuous monitoring.