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61.
Inadequate bee pollination limits rabbiteye blueberry, Vaccinium ashei Reade, production in the some areas of the southeastern United States. Honey bees, Apis mellifera L., are currently the only manageable pollinators available for pollinating V. ashei. However, a new adaptable pollinator for rabbiteye blueberry, Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, was successfully reared and flown in captivity. The bee nested successfully in wooden shelters and conferred superior fruit set to 2-yr-old potted, rabbiteye blueberry bushes. Pollination efficiency or the percentage of blueberry flowers to set fruit after being visited once by a female O. ribifloris was comparable to that of the female blueberry bee Habropoda laboriosa (F.) and worker honey bees. Interestingly, honey bees once thought to be inefficient pollinators of rabbiteye blueberry were found to be very efficient, especially for 'Climax' and 'Premier' flowers. 相似文献
62.
Out of Africa and back again: nested cladistic analysis of human Y chromosome variation 总被引:18,自引:3,他引:15
Hammer MF; Karafet T; Rasanayagam A; Wood ET; Altheide TK; Jenkins T; Griffiths RC; Templeton AR; Zegura SL 《Molecular biology and evolution》1998,15(4):427-441
We surveyed nine diallelic polymorphic sites on the Y chromosomes of 1,544
individuals from Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, and the New World.
Phylogenetic analyses of these nine sites resulted in a tree for 10
distinct Y haplotypes with a coalescence time of approximately 150,000
years. The 10 haplotypes were unevenly distributed among human populations:
5 were restricted to a particular continent, 2 were shared between Africa
and Europe, 1 was present only in the Old World, and 2 were found in all
geographic regions surveyed. The ancestral haplotype was limited to African
populations. Random permutation procedures revealed statistically
significant patterns of geographical structuring of this paternal genetic
variation. The results of a nested cladistic analysis indicated that these
geographical associations arose through a combination of processes,
including restricted, recurrent gene flow (isolation by distance) and range
expansions. We inferred that one of the oldest events in the nested
cladistic analysis was a range expansion out of Africa which resulted in
the complete replacement of Y chromosomes throughout the Old World, a
finding consistent with many versions of the Out of Africa Replacement
Model. A second and more recent range expansion brought Asian Y chromosomes
back to Africa without replacing the indigenous African male gene pool.
Thus, the previously observed high levels of Y chromosomal genetic
diversity in Africa may be due in part to bidirectional population
movements. Finally, a comparison of our results with those from nested
cladistic analyses of human mtDNA and beta-globin data revealed different
patterns of inferences for males and females concerning the relative roles
of population history (range expansions) and population structure
(recurrent gene flow), thereby adding a new sex-specific component to
models of human evolution.
相似文献
63.
To improve expression ofBrevibacterium sterolicumcholesterol oxidase inEscherichia coli,we utilized theT7lacpromoter and modified the gene to encode the first 21 amino acids with high-expressionE. colicodons. These changes resulted in a 60-fold improvement of expression level. N-terminal sequencing revealed that theE. coliproduced cholesterol oxidase signal peptide is cleaved 6 amino acids closer to the N-terminus than inB. sterolicum.The recombinantE. coliproduced protein is composed of 513 amino acids with a calculatedMrof 55,374. The kinetic rate constants of the recombinant protein and theB. sterolicumproduced cholesterol oxidase are identical. 相似文献
64.
Logistic regression analyses showed that the maturity v. length relationship for female English sole Pleuronectes vetulus varied significantly among sampling locations from California to British Columbia in June–September. Stepwise analyses found that latitude, bottom gradient, bottom temperature and sediment type were all significant factors. Regression analyses of age at length from subsamples indicated that latitude, maturity and bottom sediment had significant effects on growth. Data from the aged subsamples showed significant differences among age classes in the length v. maturity relationship with older fish attaining maturity at smaller sizes than younger fish. On a coast wide basis the length and age at 50% maturity were c. 230 mm and 4·7 years respectively. Growth rate and length at 50% maturity have decreased substantially relative to observations from the 1950s, but age at 50% maturity has increased. 相似文献
65.
James F. Sampson Eiichi Hasegawa Lama Mulki Amol Suryawanshi Shuhong Jiang Wei-Sheng Chen Gabriel A. Rabinovich Kip M. Connor Noorjahan Panjwani 《PloS one》2015,10(6)
Galectins have emerged as potent immunoregulatory agents that control chronic inflammation through distinct mechanisms. Here, we report that treatment with Galectin-8 (Gal-8), a tandem-repeat member of the galectin family, reduces retinal pathology and prevents photoreceptor cell damage in a murine model of experimental autoimmune uveitis. Gal-8 treatment increased the number of regulatory T cells (Treg) in both the draining lymph node (dLN) and the inflamed retina. Moreover, a greater percentage of Treg cells in the dLN and retina of Gal-8 treated animals expressed the inhibitory coreceptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4, the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, and the tissue-homing integrin CD103. Treg cells in the retina of Gal-8-treated mice were primarily inducible Treg cells that lack the expression of neuropilin-1. In addition, Gal-8 treatment blunted production of inflammatory cytokines by retinal T helper type (TH) 1 and TH17 cells. The effect of Gal-8 on T cell differentiation and/or function was specific for tissues undergoing an active immune response, as Gal-8 treatment had no effect on T cell populations in the spleen. Given the need for rational therapies for managing human uveitis, Gal-8 emerges as an attractive therapeutic candidate not only for treating retinal autoimmune diseases, but also for other TH1- and TH17-mediated inflammatory disorders. 相似文献
66.
Kirsi M. J?rvinen Jennifer Westfall Magdia De Jesus Nicholas J. Mantis Jessica A. Carroll Dennis W. Metzger Hugh A. Sampson M. Cecilia Berin 《PloS one》2015,10(12)
Background
The impact of maternal ingestion of peanut during pregnancy and lactation on an offspring’s risk for peanut allergy is under debate.Objective
To investigate the influence of maternal dietary peanut exposure and breast milk on an offspring’s allergy risk.Methods
Preconceptionally peanut-exposed C3H/HeJ females were either fed or not fed peanut during pregnancy and lactation. The offsprings’ responses to peanut sensitization or oral tolerance induction by feeding antigen prior to immunization were assessed. We also assessed the impact of immune murine milk on tolerance induction pre- or post-weaning. For antigen uptake studies, mice were gavaged with fluorescent peanut in the presence or absence of immune murine milk; Peyer’s patches were harvested for immunostaining.Results
Preconceptional peanut exposure resulted in the production of varying levels of maternal antibodies in serum (and breast milk), which were transferred to the offspring. Despite this, maternal peanut exposure either preconceptionally or during pregnancy and lactation, when compared to no maternal exposure, had no impact on peanut allergy. When offspring were fed peanut directly, dose-dependent tolerance induction, unaltered by maternal feeding of peanut, was seen. Although peanut uptake into the gut-associated lymphoid tissues was enhanced by immune milk as compared to naïve milk, tolerance induction was not affected by the co-administration of immune milk either pre- or post-weaning.Conclusion
Maternal peanut exposure during pregnancy and lactation has no impact on the development of peanut allergy in the offspring. Tolerance to peanut can be induced early, even pre-weaning, by giving moderate amounts of peanut directly to the infant, and this is neither enhanced nor impaired by concurrent exposure to immune milk. 相似文献67.
Katherine Riccione Carter M. Suryadevara David Snyder Xiuyu Cui John H. Sampson Luis Sanchez-Perez 《Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE》2015,(96)
Adoptive T cell immunotherapy offers a promising strategy for specifically targeting and eliminating malignant gliomas. T cells can be engineered ex vivo to express chimeric antigen receptors specific for glioma antigens (CAR T cells). The expansion and function of adoptively transferred CAR T cells can be potentiated by the lymphodepletive and tumoricidal effects of standard of care chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We describe a method for generating CAR T cells targeting EGFRvIII, a glioma-specific antigen, and evaluating their efficacy when combined with a murine model of glioblastoma standard of care. T cells are engineered by transduction with a retroviral vector containing the anti-EGFRvIII CAR gene. Tumor-bearing animals are subjected to host conditioning by a course of temozolomide and whole brain irradiation at dose regimens designed to model clinical standard of care. CAR T cells are then delivered intravenously to primed hosts. This method can be used to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of CAR T cells in the context of standard of care. 相似文献
68.
69.
Kelly BN Kyere S Kinde I Tang C Howard BR Robinson H Sundquist WI Summers MF Hill CP 《Journal of molecular biology》2007,373(2):355-366
The CA domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag polyprotein plays critical roles in both the early and late phases of viral replication and is therefore an attractive antiviral target. Compounds with antiviral activity were recently identified that bind to the N-terminal domain of CA (CAN) and inhibit capsid assembly during viral maturation. We have determined the structure of the complex between CAN and the antiviral assembly inhibitor N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N′-{2-[({5-[(dimethylamino)-methyl]-2-furyl}-methyl)-sulfanyl]ethyl}-urea) (CAP-1) using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The protein undergoes a remarkable conformational change upon CAP-1 binding, in which Phe32 is displaced from its buried position in the protein core to open a deep hydrophobic cavity that serves as the ligand binding site. The aromatic ring of CAP-1 inserts into the cavity, with the urea NH groups forming hydrogen bonds with the backbone oxygen of Val59 and the dimethylamonium group interacting with the side-chains of Glu28 and Glu29. Elements that could be exploited to improve binding affinity are apparent in the structure. The displacement of Phe32 by CAP-1 appears to be facilitated by a strained main-chain conformation, which suggests a potential role for a Phe32 conformational switch during normal capsid assembly. 相似文献
70.
PduL is an evolutionarily distinct phosphotransacylase involved in B12-dependent 1,2-propanediol degradation by Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium LT2
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Liu Y Leal NA Sampson EM Johnson CL Havemann GD Bobik TA 《Journal of bacteriology》2007,189(5):1589-1596
Salmonella enterica degrades 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD) in a coenzyme B(12)-dependent manner. Previous enzymatic assays of crude cell extracts indicated that a phosphotransacylase (PTAC) was needed for this process, but the enzyme involved was not identified. Here, we show that the pduL gene encodes an evolutionarily distinct PTAC used for 1,2-PD degradation. Growth tests showed that pduL mutants were unable to ferment 1,2-PD and were also impaired for aerobic growth on this compound. Enzyme assays showed that cell extracts from a pduL mutant lacked measurable PTAC activity in a background that also carried a pta mutation (the pta gene was previously shown to encode a PTAC enzyme). Ectopic expression of pduL corrected the growth defects of a pta mutant. PduL fused to eight C-terminal histidine residues (PduL-His(8)) was purified, and its kinetic constants were determined: the V(max) was 51.7 +/- 7.6 micromol min(-1) mg(-1), and the K(m) values for propionyl-PO(4)(2-) and acetyl-PO(4)(2-) were 0.61 and 0.97 mM, respectively. Sequence analyses showed that PduL is unrelated in amino acid sequence to known PTAC enzymes and that PduL homologues are distributed among at least 49 bacterial species but are absent from the Archaea and Eukarya. 相似文献