Inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity has been long considered as the main diagnostic method of organophosphate (OP) and carbamate pesticides poisoning; however, it has been shown that ChE activity may also be altered due to exposure to other non-organophosphorus toxicants and variety of different medical conditions. Hence, to avoid misdiagnosis, we aimed to systematically review available documents to look for additional biomarkers of OP and carbamate poisoning. The electronic databases in addition to Google scholar were searched for eligible articles on March 2022 using “organophosphate,” “carbamate,” and “biomarker” including all their similar terms. After collecting the relevant documents, the data were extracted and described qualitatively. In total, data of 66 articles from 51 human and 15 animal studies were extracted. Findings demonstrated that enzymes such as β-glucuronidase, neuropathy target esterase, amylase, and lipase, in addition to hematological indicators such as CBC, CRP, lactate dehydrogenase, and CPK have high sensitivity and accuracy in the diagnosis of OP poisoning. Findings suggest that using various markers for diagnosis of OP intoxication is helpful for appropriate management, and early identifying the patients at risk of death. The suggested biomarkers also help to avoid misdiagnosis of OP poisoning with other similar conditions. 相似文献
In the present study, halophilic bacteria communities were explored in saline soils of Howze-Soltan playa in Iran with special attention to their biological activity against an aflatoxigenic Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999. Halophilic bacteria were isolated from a total of 20 saline soils using specific culture media and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing in neighbor-joining tree analysis. Antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities of the bacteria were screened by a nor-mutant A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 using visual agar plate assay and confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Among a total of 177 halophilic bacteria belonging to 11 genera, 121 isolates (68.3%) inhibited A. parasiticus growth and/or aflatoxin production. The most potent inhibitory bacteria of the genera Bacillus, Paenibacillus and Staphylococcus were distributed in three main phylogenetic clusters as evidenced by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. A. parasiticus growth was inhibited by 0.7–92.7%, while AFB1 and AFG1 productions were suppressed by 15.1–98.9 and 57.0–99.6%, respectively. Taken together, halophilic bacteria identified in this study may be considered as potential sources of novel bioactive metabolites as well as promising candidates to develop new biocontrol agents for managing toxigenic fungi growth and subsequent aflatoxin contamination of food and feed in practice.
The radiation detriment in ICRP 103 is defined as the product of the organ-specific risk coefficient and the damage that may be associated with a cancer type or hereditary effect. This is used to indicate a weighted risk according to the radiation sensitivity of different organs and the severity of damage that may possibly arise. While the risk refers to radiation exposure parameters, the extent of damage is independent of radiation. The parameters that are not affected by radiation are lethality, impairment of quality of life, and reduced life expectancy, which are considered as quantities associated with the severity of disease or damage. The damage and thus the detriment appear to be mostly affected by lethality, which is the quotient of the age-standardized mortality rate to the incidence rate. The analysis of the detriment presented in this paper focuses on the influence of the lethality on the detriment from 1980 to 2012 in the USA and Germany. While the lethality in this period covering more than three decades has decreased approximately linearly by 30% (both USA and Germany), within the same period the detriment declined only by 13% in the USA and by 15% in Germany. If only based on these two countries, an update on the detriment parameters with reference to 2007, when ICRP 103 was released, would result in a reduced weighted risk, i.e. the radiation detriment would be reduced by 10 to 15% from originally 5.7% per Sv for the whole population to roughly 5% per Sv. 相似文献
Acute lymphoid leukemia is a common type of blood cancer and chemotherapy is the initial treatment of choice. Quantifying the effect of a chemotherapeutic drug at the cellular level plays an important role in the process of the treatment. In this study, an oscillating optical tweezer was employed to characterize the frequency-dependent mechanical properties of Jurkat cells exposed to the chemotherapeutic agent, artesunate (ART). A motion equation for a bead bound to a cell was applied to describe the mechanical characteristics of the cell cytoskeleton. By comparing between the modeling results and experimental results from the optical tweezer, the stiffness and viscosity of the Jurkat cells before and after the ART treatment were obtained. The results demonstrate a weak power-law dependency of cell stiffness with frequency. Furthermore, the stiffness and viscosity were increased after the treatment. Therefore, the cytoskeleton cell stiffness as the well as power-law coefficient can provide a useful insight into the chemo-mechanical relationship of drug treated cancer cells and may serve as another tool for evaluating therapeutic performance quantitatively. 相似文献
This paper presents an investigation of infrared (IR) radiation generation by nonlinear interaction of two visible laser beams in a metallic background. Two laser beams of Gaussian and Laguerre Gaussian (LG) profiles and background metals such as silver, copper, gold, and aluminum are utilized for IR generation. Effects of laser beam characteristics and structural properties of metals on the evolution of IR electric field amplitude are examined. Considering laser frequencies in the non-transparent region give rises to generation of IR surface plasmon (IRSP). An optimized relation is proposed for achieving efficient surface plasmon waves on a metal surface.
Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) is a polygenic, autoimmune disorder of unknown origin. As proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family, seem to contribute to the pathogenesis of JSLE, this investigation was performed to assess the associations of particular single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-6 and IL-1 genes in a case-control study.
Methods
Fifty nine JSLE cases were recruited for this study as the patient group, and were compared against 140 healthy, unrelated, control subjects. Using the polymerase chain reaction with the sequence-specific primer method, genotyping was carried out for the IL-6 gene at positions ?174 and nt565, as well as the IL-1α gene at position ?889, the IL-1β gene at positions ?511 and +3962, the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) gene at position Pst-I 1970, and the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene at position Mspa-I 11100.
Results
Results of the analyzed data revealed a remarkable, positive association for the promoter sequence of the IL-1β gene at position ?511 for T/T in the patient group compared with healthy controls (P value, 0.03). Furthermore, a significant negative association was found between the T/C genotype at the same position on the IL-1β gene in juvenile SLE (P value, 0.03).
Conclusions
cytokine gene polymorphisms might play a role in the pathophysiology of JSLE. Particular IL-1 gene variants could affect individual susceptibility to JSLE.
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