四种基质表面上常规杀虫剂对四纹豆象的药效评价（英文）

在害虫治理中, 在消费或贮藏粮食加工产品的建筑设施或场所进行害虫防治需要将杀虫剂施用在各种基质表面上。为了测定不同基质表面上杀虫剂的药效, 将四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)成虫接触田间推荐剂量的阿维菌素、 溴氰菊酯和毒死蜱。结果表明： 施用在玻璃、 瓷砖、 塑料和纸盘表面上, 阿维菌素对四纹豆象成虫的致死率分别为63.33%, 22.41%, 12.9%和11.9%, 而溴氰菊酯在这4种基质表面上对四纹豆象成虫的致死率分别为 55%, 44.2%, 41.3%和 37.4%。在所有基质表面上接触毒死蜱, 四纹豆象成虫的死亡率均为100%。对数据进行的Probit 分析表明, 毒死蜱制剂在玻璃、 瓷砖、 塑料和纸盘上对四纹豆象成虫 的LC₅₀ 值分别为 8.66, 13.6, 29.16和 56.5 μg/mL, 阿维菌素制剂的相应数值分别为119.4, 446.2, 774.2 和 836.4 μg/mL, 溴氰菊酯制剂的相应数值分别为 1 008, 1 131, 1 210和 1 336 μg/mL。据此推断, 毒死蜱对四纹豆象的毒性最强, 且在玻璃、 瓷砖、 塑料和纸盘表面上的毒性依次降低。     

基于红外相机技术分析鼬獾的活动节律

鼬獾(Melogale moschata)是食肉目鼬科鼬獾属动物,在我国分布广泛、种群数量丰富,但有关鼬獾的生态研究报导比较少.为掌握鼬獾的活动节律及其影响因素,2017年2月至2019年2月,利用红外相机技术对江西省桃红岭梅花鹿国家级自然保护区、九岭山国家级自然保护区和齐云山国家级自然保护区的鼬獾进行了监测,每个保护...     

祁连山大野口流域青海云杉种群数量动态

种群数量动态揭示了种群的结构特征及其潜在的驱动机制,有助于预测种群未来的动态,进而为森林生态系统的保护与恢复提供理论依据。本研究基于10.2 hm²青海云杉动态监测样地数据,以种群径级结构代替年龄结构,编制静态生命表,绘制径级结构图、存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线和4个生存分析函数曲线,分析青海云杉种群数量特征,并利用种群数量动态变化指数和时间序列模型对种群数量动态进行预测。结果表明：（1）青海云杉种群的年龄结构近似于倒"J"型,幼苗和小树储量丰富;（2）种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅱ型,为稳定型种群,死亡率曲线和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均在第2、8龄级出现高峰期;（3）生存率曲线呈下降趋势,累计死亡率曲线呈上升趋势,死亡密度曲线缓慢下降,而危险率曲线逐渐上升,该种群具有：前期减少、中期稳定、后期衰退的生长特点;（4）种群数量变化动态指数V_pi>0,表明该种群属于增长型种群,V_pi''>0且趋近于0,则表明该种群趋近于稳定型;（5）时间序列预测分析表明,在未来2、4、6、8个龄级时间后,种群呈稳定增长趋势。研究显示,祁连山大野口流域青海云杉种群为稳定增长型种群,只要未来不遭受强烈干扰,种群数量会保持逐渐增长。针对该种群幼龄个体在前期的更新过程死亡率较高情况,建议在今后的经营管理中应重点加强对第1、2龄级植株生存环境的保护和改善,提高幼苗和小树的存活率。     

A mRNA landscape of bovine embryos after standard and MAPK-inhibited culture conditions: a comparative analysis

Background

Genes and signalling pathways involved in pluripotency have been studied extensively in mouse and human pre-implantation embryos and embryonic stem (ES) cells. The unsuccessful attempts to generate ES cell lines from other species including cattle suggests that other genes and pathways are involved in maintaining pluripotency in these species. To investigate which genes are involved in bovine pluripotency, expression profiles were generated from morula, blastocyst, trophectoderm and inner cell mass (ICM) samples using microarray analysis. As MAPK inhibition can increase the NANOG/GATA6 ratio in the inner cell mass, additionally blastocysts were cultured in the presence of a MAPK inhibitor and changes in gene expression in the inner cell mass were analysed.

Results

Between morula and blastocyst 3,774 genes were differentially expressed and the largest differences were found in blastocyst up-regulated genes. Gene ontology (GO) analysis shows lipid metabolic process as the term most enriched with genes expressed at higher levels in blastocysts. Genes with higher expression levels in morulae were enriched in the RNA processing GO term. Of the 497 differentially expressed genes comparing ICM and TE, the expression of NANOG, SOX2 and POU5F1 was increased in the ICM confirming their evolutionary preserved role in pluripotency. Several genes implicated to be involved in differentiation or fate determination were also expressed at higher levels in the ICM. Genes expressed at higher levels in the ICM were enriched in the RNA splicing and regulation of gene expression GO term. Although NANOG expression was elevated upon MAPK inhibition, SOX2 and POU5F1 expression showed little increase. Expression of other genes in the MAPK pathway including DUSP4 and SPRY4, or influenced by MAPK inhibition such as IFNT, was down-regulated.

Conclusion

The data obtained from the microarray studies provide further insight in gene expression during bovine embryonic development. They show an expression profile in pluripotent cells that indicates a pluripotent, epiblast-like state. The inability to culture ICM cells as stem cells in the presence of an inhibitor of MAPK activity together with the reported data indicates that MAPK inhibition alone is not sufficient to maintain a pluripotent character in bovine cells.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1448-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Production, purification, and characterization of antifungal metabolite from Pseudomonas aeruginosa SD12, a new strain obtained from tannery waste polluted soil

A new strain, SD12, was isolated from tannery waste polluted soil and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the basis of phenotypic traits and by comparison of 16S rRNA sequences. This bacterium exhibited broad-spectrum antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic fungi. The strain produced phosphatases, cellulases, proteases, pectinases, and HCN and also retained its ability to produce hydroxamate-type siderophore. A bioactive metabolite was isolated from P. aeruginosa SD12 and was characterized as 1-hydroxyphenazine ((1-OH-PHZ) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analysis. The strain was used as a biocontrol agent against root rot and wilt disease of pyrethrum caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The stain is also reported to increase the growth and biomass of Plantago ovata. The purified compound, 1-hydroxyphenazine, also showed broad-spectrum antagonistic activity towards a range of phytopathogenic fungi, which is the first report of its kind.     

Stem cell-conditioned medium does not protect against kidney failure

Paracrine secretion of mediators may be the main route by which stem cells protect against injuries. Stem cells commonly secrete different bioactive molecules. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that administration of conditioned media of stem cells can diminish the burden of kidney injury. A mouse model of cisplatin-induced nephropathy was developed to test the putative renoprotective effects of conditioned media of human umbilical cord blood USSCs (unrestricted somatic stem cells) as well as mouse bone marrow MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells). None of these two types of conditioned medium could protect against kidney failure in terms of serum urea and creatinine, histopathologic examinations and physical activity score. Neither MSC- nor USSC-conditioned media were effective in protecting against kidney injury in our study. Possible explanations for our observations are offered, and related literature is reviewed.     

Immunotherapy with IL-10- and IFN-γ-producing CD4 effector cells modulate “Natural” and “Inducible” CD4 TReg cell subpopulation levels: observations in four cases of patients with ovarian cancer

Adoptive T cell therapy for cancer patients optimally requires participation of CD4 T cells. In this phase I/II study, we assessed the therapeutic effects of adoptively transferred IL-10- and IFN-γ-producing CD4 effector cells in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Using MUC1 peptide and IL-2 for ex vivo CD4 effector cell generation, we show that three monthly treatment cycles of autologous T cell restimulation and local intraperitoneal re-infusion-modulated T cell-mediated immune responses that were associated with enhanced patient survival. One patient remains disease-free, another patient experienced prolonged survival for nearly 16?months with recurrent disease, and two patients expired within 3-5?months following final infusion. Prolonged survivors showed elevated levels of systemic CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells when compared to that of pre-treatment levels and similarly treated short-term survivors. Such cell populations among these patients contained variable levels of "Inducible" Tr1 (CD4(+)CD25(-)FoxP3(-)IL-10(+)) and "Natural" (CD4(+)CD25(+)CD45RO(+)FoxP3(+)) TReg cell numbers and ratios that were associated with prolonged and/or disease-free survival. Moreover, peptide-restimulated T cells from these patients showed an elevation in both IFN-γ production, memory cell phenotype, and select TNF family ligands associated with enhanced T cell survival and apoptosis-inducing activities. This suggests that intraperitoneally administered Th1-like cells, producing elevated levels of IL-10, may require and/or induce differential levels of distinct systemic TReg subpopulations that influence, in part, long-term tumor immunity and enhanced memory/effector CD4-mediated therapeutic potentials. Furthermore, treatment efficacy and enhanced memory cell phenotype did not appear to be dependent on TReg cell numbers but upon ratios of "Inducible" and "Natural" TReg subpopulations.     

Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the only known transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting free-ranging wildlife. Although the exact mode of natural transmission remains unknown, substantial evidence suggests that prions can persist in the environment, implicating components thereof as potential prion reservoirs and transmission vehicles.^1–4 CWD-positive animals may contribute to environmental prion load via decomposing carcasses and biological materials including saliva, blood, urine and feces.^5–7 Sensitivity limitations of conventional assays hamper evaluation of environmental prion loads in soil and water. Here we show the ability of serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) to amplify a 1.3 × 10⁻⁷ dilution of CWD-infected brain homogenate spiked into water samples, equivalent to approximately 5 × 10⁷ protease resistant cervid prion protein (PrP^CWD) monomers. We also detected PrP^CWD in one of two environmental water samples from a CWD endemic area collected at a time of increased water runoff from melting winter snow pack, as well as in water samples obtained concurrently from the flocculation stage of water processing by the municipal water treatment facility. Bioassays indicated that the PrP^CWD detected was below infectious levels. These data demonstrate detection of very low levels of PrP^CWD in the environment by sPMCA and suggest persistence and accumulation of prions in the environment that may promote CWD transmission.Key words: prions, chronic wasting disease, water, environment, serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification