Myzus persicae is a devastating pest affecting potato production. Intron-containing hairpin RNA (ihpRNA) silenced the odorant-binding protein 8 (OBP8) for enhanced protection against Myzus persicae in potatoes. OBP8 was isolated from M. persicae, sequenced, with the allotment of GenBank ID. ERNAi was used to design siRNA targets from OBP8 with no off-targets. Multiple Sequence Alignment show M. persicae OBP8 resemblance with Acyrthosiphon pisum, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Aphis fabae, and Sitobion avenae. dsRNA-OBP8 (7 µg/µL) oral feeding resulted in a 69% mortality, and 58% OBP8 reduced expression 8D post-feeding compared to control. Golden Gate cloning is used for RNA interference taking advantage of type IIs restriction enzyme Eco31I. ihpRNA-OBP8 introduced by agroinfiltration in Solanum tuberosum. Transgenic S. tuberosum fed Myzus show 57.6% mortality and 49% reduction in OBP8 expression 8D post-feeding, compared to control. This work proves OBP8 as promising ihpRNA targets in potato and related crops for whom Myzus is a destructive pest.
Both extinct and extant crocodilians have repeatedly diversified in skull shape along a continuum, from narrow‐snouted to broad‐snouted phenotypes. These patterns occur with striking regularity, although it is currently unknown whether these trends also apply to microevolutionary divergence during population differentiation or the early stages of speciation. Assessing patterns of intraspecific variation within a single taxon can potentially provide insight into the processes of macroevolutionary differentiation. For example, high levels of intraspecific variation along a narrow‐broad axis would be consistent with the view that cranial shapes can show predictable patterns of differentiation on relatively short timescales, and potentially scale up to explain broader macroevolutionary patterns. In the present study, we use geometric morphometric methods to characterize intraspecific cranial shape variation among groups within a single, widely distributed clade, Caiman crocodilus. We show that C. crocodilus skulls vary along a narrow/broad‐snouted continuum, with different subspecies strongly clustered at distinct ends of the continuum. We quantitatively compare these microevolutionary trends with patterns of diversity at macroevolutionary scales (among all extant crocodilians). We find that morphological differences among the subspecies of C. crocodilus parallel the patterns of morphological differentiation across extant crocodilians, with the primary axes of morphological diversity being highly correlated across the two scales. We find intraspecific cranial shape variation within C. crocodilus to span variation characterized by more than half of living species. We show the main axis of intraspecific phenotypic variation to align with the principal direction of macroevolutionary diversification in crocodilian cranial shape, suggesting that mechanisms of microevolutionary divergence within species may also explain broader patterns of diversification at higher taxonomic levels. 相似文献
Thermo-mechanical extrusion pretreatment for lignocellulosic biomass was investigated using soybean hulls as the substrate. The enzyme cocktail used to hydrolyze pretreated soybean hulls to fermentable sugars was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Structural changes in substrate and sugar yields from thermo-mechanical processing were compared with two traditional pretreatment methods that utilized dilute acid (1% sulfuric acid) and alkali (1% sodium hydroxide). Extrusion processing parameters (barrel temperature, in-barrel moisture, screw speed) and processing aids (starch, ethylene glycol) were studied with respect to reducing sugar and glucose yields. The conditions resulting in the highest cellulose to glucose conversion (95%) were screw speed 350 rpm, maximum barrel temperature 80 °C and in-barrel moisture content 40% wb. Compared with untreated soybean hulls, glucose yield from enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean hulls increased by 69.6%, 128.7% and 132.2%, respectively, when pretreated with dilute acid, alkali and extrusion. 相似文献
Recognizing and appropriately treating mental health problems among new immigrants and refugees in primary care poses a challenge because of differences in language and culture and because of specific stressors associated with migration and resettlement. We aimed to identify risk factors and strategies in the approach to mental health assessment and to prevention and treatment of common mental health problems for immigrants in primary care.
Methods:
We searched and compiled literature on prevalence and risk factors for common mental health problems related to migration, the effect of cultural influences on health and illness, and clinical strategies to improve mental health care for immigrants and refugees. Publications were selected on the basis of relevance, use of recent data and quality in consultation with experts in immigrant and refugee mental health.
Results:
The migration trajectory can be divided into three components: premigration, migration and postmigration resettlement. Each phase is associated with specific risks and exposures. The prevalence of specific types of mental health problems is influenced by the nature of the migration experience, in terms of adversity experienced before, during and after resettlement. Specific challenges in migrant mental health include communication difficulties because of language and cultural differences; the effect of cultural shaping of symptoms and illness behaviour on diagnosis, coping and treatment; differences in family structure and process affecting adaptation, acculturation and intergenerational conflict; and aspects of acceptance by the receiving society that affect employment, social status and integration. These issues can be addressed through specific inquiry, the use of trained interpreters and culture brokers, meetings with families, and consultation with community organizations.
Interpretation:
Systematic inquiry into patients’ migration trajectory and subsequent follow-up on culturally appropriate indicators of social, vocational and family functioning over time will allow clinicians to recognize problems in adaptation and undertake mental health promotion, disease prevention or treatment interventions in a timely way.Changing patterns of migration to Canada pose new challenges to the delivery of mental health services in primary care. For the first 100 years of Canada’s existence, most immigrants came from Europe; since the 1960s, there has been a marked shift, with greater immigration from Asia, Africa, and Central and South America.1 The mix differs across the provinces, although nearly all immigrants settle in Canada’s largest cities.2 The task of preventing, recognizing and appropriately treating common mental health problems in primary care is complicated for immigrants and refugees because of differences in language, culture, patterns of seeking help and ways of coping.3–6In consultation with experts in immigrant and refugee mental health, we reviewed the literature to determine associated risks and clinical considerations for primary care practitioners in the approach to common mental health problems among new immigrant or refugee patients.7–10 In this paper, we review the effect of migration on mental health, use of health care and barriers to care. We outline basic clinical strategies for primary mental health care of migrants including the use of interpreters, family interaction and assessment, and working with community resources. 相似文献
Plants respond to herbivory through different defensive mechanisms. The induction of volatile emission is one of the important and immediate response of plants to herbivory. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are involved in plant communication with natural enemies of the insect herbivores, neighboring plants, and different parts of the damaged plant. Release of a wide variety of HIPVs in response to herbivore damage and their role in plant-plant, plant-carnivore and intraplant communications represents a new facet of the complex interactions among different trophic levels. HIPVs are released from leaves, flowers, and fruits into the atmosphere or into the soil from roots in response to herbivore attack. Moreover, HIPVs act as feeding and/or oviposition deterrents to insect pests. HIPVs also mediate the interactions between the plants and the microorganisms. This review presents an overview of HIPVs emitted by plants, their role in plant defense against herbivores and their implications for pest management. 相似文献
ZINBA (Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial Algorithm) identifies genomic regions enriched in a variety of ChIP-seq and related
next-generation sequencing experiments (DNA-seq), calling both broad and narrow modes of enrichment across a range of signal-to-noise
ratios. ZINBA models and accounts for factors that co-vary with background or experimental signal, such as G/C content, and
identifies enrichment in genomes with complex local copy number variations. ZINBA provides a single unified framework for
analyzing DNA-seq experiments in challenging genomic contexts. 相似文献
The integrated functions of 11 Ser/Thr protein kinases (STPKs) and one
phosphatase manipulate the phosphorylation levels of critical proteins in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this study, we show that
the lone Ser/Thr phosphatase (PstP) is regulated through phosphorylation by
STPKs.
Principal Findings
PstP is phosphorylated by PknA and PknB and phosphorylation is influenced by
the presence of Zn2+-ions and inorganic phosphate (Pi). PstP
is differentially phosphorylated on the cytosolic domain with
Thr137, Thr141, Thr174 and
Thr290 being the target residues of PknB while
Thr137 and Thr174 are phosphorylated by PknA. The
Mn2+-ion binding residues Asp38 and
Asp229 are critical for the optimal activity of PstP and
substitution of these residues affects its phosphorylation status. Native
PstP and its phosphatase deficient mutant PstPcD38G
are phosphorylated by PknA and PknB in E. coli and addition
of Zn2+/Pi in the culture conditions affect the
phosphorylation level of PstP. Interestingly, the phosphorylated phosphatase
is more active than its unphosphorylated equivalent.
Conclusions and Significance
This study establishes the novel mechanisms for regulation of mycobacterial
Ser/Thr phosphatase. The results indicate that STPKs and PstP may regulate
the signaling through mutually dependent mechanisms. Consequently, PstP
phosphorylation may play a critical role in regulating its own activity.
Since, the equilibrium between phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated states
of mycobacterial proteins is still unexplained, understanding the regulation
of PstP may help in deciphering the signal transduction pathways mediated by
STPKs and the reversibility of the phenomena. 相似文献
Cancer staging and treatment presumes a division into localized or metastatic disease. We proposed an intermediate state defined by ≤5 cumulative metastasis(es), termed oligometastases. In contrast to widespread polymetastases, oligometastatic patients may benefit from metastasis-directed local treatments. However, many patients who initially present with oligometastases progress to polymetastases. Predictors of progression could improve patient selection for metastasis-directed therapy.
Methods
Here, we identified patterns of microRNA expression of tumor samples from oligometastatic patients treated with high-dose radiotherapy.
Results
Patients who failed to develop polymetastases are characterized by unique prioritized features of a microRNA classifier that includes the microRNA-200 family. We created an oligometastatic-polymetastatic xenograft model in which the patient-derived microRNAs discriminated between the two metastatic outcomes. MicroRNA-200c enhancement in an oligometastatic cell line resulted in polymetastatic progression.
Conclusions
These results demonstrate a biological basis for oligometastases and a potential for using microRNA expression to identify patients most likely to remain oligometastatic after metastasis-directed treatment. 相似文献