Novel three-phase bioreactor concept for fatty acid alkyl ester production using <Emphasis Type="Italic">R. oryzae</Emphasis> as whole cell catalyst

A novel three-phase solid–gas–liquid bioreactor (SGLB) concept using gaseous alcohol and liquid rapeseed oil with immersed microorganisms overlying a nutrient agar phase (solid) is proposed for biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters, FAAE) production based on the high hydrophobicity and negative surface charge showed by the fungi Rhizopus oryzae. This novel bioreactor was thought to increase oil bioavailability and decrease alcohol toxicity for effective microbial growth, reaching high yields of FAAE production without any pretreatment. High growth rates were reached for R. oryzae using a SGLB simultaneously reaching a high FAAE production yield, up to 50% using methanol and up to 70% using ethanol at 144 h of incubation at 20°C. To compare the effect of gaseous alcohol, the same experiments were carried out in a three-phase solid–liquid–liquid bioreactor (SLLB), where the alcohol was added in liquid phase, showing significant R. oryzae growth but no FAAE formation. This suggests that the inhibitory effect of alcohol is more significant in lipase activity than in R. oryzae growth, and the use of alcohol in gaseous phase may decrease both of them. The experimental procedure using SGLB showed that when R. oryzae is maintained alive, it can catalyze at the same time the hydrolysis, esterification and transesterification of triglycerides from rapeseed oil, but its activity strongly depends on the used growth media. Therefore, the application of gaseous alcohol coupled with R. oryzae as immobilized whole cell catalysts may be a potential alternative to the use of commercial lipases for biodiesel production.     

Additive effects of herbivory,nectar robbing and seed predation on male and female fitness estimates of the host plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ipomopsis aggregata</Emphasis>

Many antagonistic species attack plants and consume specific plant parts. Understanding how these antagonists affect plant fitness individually and in combination is an important research focus in ecology and evolution. We examined the individual and combined effects of herbivory, nectar robbing, and pre-dispersal seed predation on male and female estimates of fitness in the host plant Ipomopsis aggregata. By examining the effects of antagonists on plant traits, we were able to tease apart the direct consumptive effects of antagonists versus the indirect effects mediated through changes in traits important to pollination. In a three-way factorial field experiment, we manipulated herbivory, nectar robbing, and seed predation. Herbivory and seed predation reduced some male and female fitness estimates, whereas plants tolerated the effects of robbing. The effects of herbivory, robbing, and seed predation were primarily additive, and we found little evidence for non-additive effects of multiple antagonists on plant reproduction. Herbivory affected plant reproduction through both direct consumptive effects and indirectly through changes in traits important to pollination (i.e., nectar and phenological traits). Conversely, seed predators primarily had direct consumptive effects on plants. Our results suggest that the effects of multiple antagonists on estimates of plant fitness can be additive, and investigating which traits respond to damage can provide insight into how antagonists shape plant performance.     

Alkaline lipase activity from the marine protists,thraustochytrids

Two thraustochytrid protists of the genus Thraustochytrium isolated from coastal and mangrove habitats of Goa, India were studied for extracellular alkaline lipase production. Maximum lipase production was supported by a combination of peptone and yeast extract in the growth medium while strong inhibition of enzyme production was observed in presence of glucose. The inducible nature of the enzyme production was evidenced by the requirement of olive oil in the medium. Lipase production was salt-dependent and optimum production required 3.4% (w/v) crude sea salt. Ideal conditions for maximum production of lipases were therefore adopted as incubation at 30 ± 2°C for 168 h at an initial pH of 6.0 in a medium consisting of 0.5% peptone, 0.01% yeast extract, 0.5% olive oil and 3.4% crude salt. Extracellular lipase production by the two thraustochytrid isolates [designated TZ (ATCC #PRA-295) and AH-2 (ATCC #PRA-296)] was increased threefold under these optimized culture conditions. This appears to be the first report on optimization of cultivation conditions for the production of alkaline lipases by thraustochytrids.     

Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements in Trophic Levels of Wetland Plants and Waterfowl Birds

Present study investigates relationships between total and bioaccessibility of trace elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, NI, Pb, V, and Zn) concentrations in sediment and their bioaccumulation in species in Shadegan wetland in southwest of Iran. Bioavailability factor (BAF) and translocation factor (TF) were calculated in plants and trophic transfer factor (TTF) was determined in bird species. For this purpose, sampling of sediments, aquatic plants including Phragmites australis, Typha australis, Scripus maritimus and two bird species encircling Porphyrio porphyrio and globally threatened Marmaronetta angustirostris were carried out during winter 2009. Result of chemical analysis show that bioaccessibility concentrations of Mn (8.31 mg/kg), V (1.33 mg/kg), and Pb (1.03 mg/kg) are higher than other metals. The uptake trend of trace elements in plant decreases as root > stem > leaf. Accumulation levels of trace elements in different tissues of P. porphyrio and M. angustirostris are almost identical and considerable. Accumulation and toxicity of Cd in birds is more than plants. In addition, BAF of V, Pb, and Cr indicates high accumulation by plants and great pollution rate in the area of study. In S. maritimus TF for Mn, Cu, Pb, and V are high whereas in T. australis, Cu and Pb posses the highest TF. Also Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, and Zn have higher TF from stem to leaf than root to stem in P. australis. Finally, TTFs were compared in various bird species.     

Non-apoptotic function of apoptotic proteins in the development of Malpighian tubules of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila melanogaster</Emphasis>

Drosophila metamorphosis is characterized by the histolysis of larval structures by programmed cell death, which paves the way for the establishment of adult-specific structures under the influence of the steroid hormone ecdysone. Malpighian tubules function as an excretory system and are one of the larval structures that are not destroyed during metamorphosis and are carried over to adulthood. The pupal Malpighian tubules evade destruction in spite of expressing apoptotic proteins, Reaper, Hid, Grim, Dronc and Drice. Here we show that in the Malpighian tubules expression of apoptotic proteins commences right from embryonic development and continues throughout the larval stages. Overexpression of these proteins in the Malpighian tubules causes larval lethality resulting in malformed tubules. The number and regular organization of principal and stellate cells of Malpighian tubules is disturbed, in turn disrupting the physiological functioning of the tubules as well. Strikingly, the localization of beta-tubulin, F-actin and Disclarge (Dlg) is also disrupted. These results suggest that the apoptotic proteins could be having non-apoptotic function in the development of Malpighian tubules.     

Life cycle energy and GHG emissions of PET recycling: change-oriented effects

Purpose  

The demand of PET bottles has increased rapidly in the past decades. The purpose of this study is to understand the environmental impact of PET recycling system, in which used bottles are recycled into both fibre and bottles, and to compare the recycling system with single-use PET.     

Mathematical aspects of protein structure determination with NMR orientational restraints

The field of structural biology is becoming increasingly important as new technological developments facilitate the collection of data on the atomic structures of proteins and nucleic acids. The solid-state NMR method is a relatively new biophysical technique that holds particular promise for determining the structures of peptides and proteins that are located within the cell membrane. This method provides information on the orientation of the peptide planes relative to an external magnetic field. In this article, we discuss some of the mathematical methods and tools that are useful in deriving the atomic structure from these orientational data. We first discuss how the data are viewed as tensors, and how these tensors can be used to construct an initial atomic model, assuming ideal stereochemistry. We then discuss methods for refining the models using global optimization, with stereochemistry constraints treated as penalty functions. These two processes, initial model building followed by refinement, are the two crucial steps between data collection and the final atomic model.     

Murine p53 inhibits the function but not the formation of SV40 T antigen hexamers and stimulates T antigen RNA helicase activity

We have characterized the effects of p53 on several biochemical activities of simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumor (T) antigen. While p53 induced a strong inhibition of the T antigen DNA helicase activity, surprisingly, its RNA helicase activity was stimulated. This supports the liklihood that the DNA and RNA helicase activities of T antigen reflect discrete functions. p53 did not significantly affect the ATP-dependent conversion of T antigen monomers to hexamers. However, the ability of these hexamers to assemble on a DNA fragment containing the viral origin was impaired by p53. Thus, these results suggest that p53 inhibits the function but not the formation of T antigen multimers. This conclusion was further supported by the observation that the addition of a purified p53:T antigen complex was as inhihitory as free p53 to the DNA helicase activity of free T antigen. Thus our data indicates that the targets of p53 inhibition are the functional units of T antigen, namely the hexamers.