Effects of general,specific and combined warm-up on explosive muscular performance

The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of general, specific and combined warm-up (WU) on explosive performance. Healthy male (n = 10) subjects participated in six WU protocols in a crossover randomized study design. Protocols were: passive rest (PR; 15 min of passive rest), running (Run; 5 min of running at 70% of maximum heart rate), stretching (STR; 5 min of static stretching exercise), jumping [Jump; 5 min of jumping exercises – 3x8 countermovement jumps (CMJ) and 3x8 drop jumps from 60 cm (DJ60)], and combined (COM; protocols Run+STR+Jump combined). Immediately before and after each WU, subjects were assessed for explosive concentric-only (i.e. squat jump – SJ), slow stretch-shortening cycle (i.e. CMJ), fast stretch-shortening cycle (i.e. DJ60) and contact time (CT) muscle performance. PR significantly reduced SJ performance (p =0.007). Run increased SJ (p =0.0001) and CMJ (p =0.002). STR increased CMJ (p =0.048). Specific WU (i.e. Jump) increased SJ (p =0.001), CMJ (p =0.028) and DJ60 (p =0.006) performance. COM increased CMJ performance (p =0.006). Jump was superior in SJ performance vs. PR (p =0.001). Jump reduced (p =0.03) CT in DJ60. In conclusion, general, specific and combined WU increase slow stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) muscle performance, but only specific WU increases fast SSC muscle performance. Therefore, to increase fast SSC performance, specific fast SSC muscle actions must be included during the WU.     

四川省鱼类寄生粘孢子虫两新种（粘孢子纲：双壳目）

本四川省鱼类寄生粘孢子虫两新种：寄生墨头鱼的宜宾两极虫,新种Ｍｙｘｉｄｉｕｍ ｙｉｂｉｎｅｎｓｅ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和寄生鳙Ａｒｉｓｔｉｃｈｔｈｙｓ ｎｋｂｉｌｉｓ的鳙单尾虫,新种Ｕｎｉｃａｕｄａ ａｒｉｓｔｉｃｈｔｈｙｄｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。     

结核分枝杆菌蛋白亚单位疫苗与疫苗诱导的T细胞免疫记忆研究进展

牛分枝杆菌减毒活疫苗--卡介苗(bacillus Calmette-Guérin,BCG)对预防严重的儿童结核病有效,但其免疫保护效率随儿童年龄增长而降低。BCG不能提供终身免疫保护可能与其诱导的记忆性T细胞主要是寿命较短的效应记忆性T细胞有关。新型结核分枝杆菌蛋白亚单位疫苗将有效的抗原有机组合起来,在适宜的疫苗佐剂辅助下诱导Th1型免疫应答。动物实验表明,增加抗原谱可有效提高亚单位疫苗的保护效率。更重要的是,亚单位疫苗在体内持续时间较短,可诱导寿命较长的中央记忆性T细胞,提供比BCG更持久的免疫保护力。记忆性T细胞的分化受抗原特性与剂量、细胞因子、转录因子及雷帕霉素等的调控。对亚单位疫苗及其诱导的免疫记忆进行研究将对新型结核分枝杆菌疫苗的设计与评价产生积极影响。     

中国人类遗传资源共享利用的标准化研究

中国人类遗传资源平台是国家自然资源科技共享平台的一部分。为规范我国人类遗传资源的收集、整理、整合、保存及共享利用, 在我国相关法律法规的支持下, 作者参照国内外资源整合成功的经验, 对我国人类遗传资源的整理整合及共享利用的标准化进行了研究, 文中简要报道人类遗传资源整理整合、数据库建设及共享利用的标准化研究结果。     

混合暴露条件下近江牡蛎对重金属的积累与释放特征

选择近江牡蛎作为试验生物,研究了混合暴露条件下8种重金属在近江牡蛎体内的积累和释放特征.结果表明: 近江牡蛎对重金属Pb、Cu、Ni、Cd、Cr和Hg有很强的累积能力,可较好地指示溶液中的重金属浓度水平,但对重金属Zn和As的积累能力很小,不能真实反映溶液中重金属Zn和As含量的变化水平.在随后35 d的释放阶段,8种重金属在近江牡蛎体内的含量没有明显变化,表明近江牡蛎对重金属的释放能力较差.双箱动力学模型可较好地反映混合暴露条件下近江牡蛎对重金属的积累特征,但不适合对其释放特征进行描述.     

马尾松毛虫雄蛾触角毛状感受器的细微结构

马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctagus(Walker)雄蛾有一对羽毛状触角。在触角鞭节的每对侧枝的内侧(迎风面)着生许多毛状感受器。每个毛状感受器由几丁质表皮毛及位于其下的三个感觉神经原和三个呈同心排列的辅助细胞-鞘原细胞、毛原细胞和膜原细胞构成。几丁质表皮毛上有许多孔。毛腔内充满感受器淋巴液。感觉神经原发出的树状突伸入毛腔,浸浴于感受器淋巴液内。这些结构特征表明它是一种司嗅觉的化学感受器。雄蛾终生不取食,推断它的嗅觉感受器主要用以感受雌蛾释放的性外激素,帮助寻找配偶。     

Larval growth, juvenile size and heterozygosity in laboratory reared mussels, Mytilus edulis

Studies with marine bivalve juveniles have shown a positive correlation between growth and allozyme multi-locus heterozygosity (MLH), and, in some cases, between larval growth and juvenile growth, but there has been little research on the relationship between allozyme heterozygosity and larval growth. Larvae of M. edulis from different mating systems (half-sib families with a single female, or a single male parent, a reciprocal cross of two malesxtwo females and two mass matings of 13x13 and 8x17 females and males, respectively) were reared in the laboratory and selected into fast and slow growing groups when about 10-30% were undergoing metamorphosis. Offspring were reared to the juvenile stage (>3.00 mm) and both groups of each mating were electrophoresed and genotyped at up to 12 allozyme loci. There was generally good agreement with Mendelian inheritance (half-sibs and reciprocal cross) or the Hardy-Weinberg model (mass matings). Null alleles were detected at the Odh and Lap loci but there was no evidence that null allele heterozygotes grew slower than other genotypes. Over all cohorts, juveniles from the fast growing larval group were not significantly larger, or smaller, than juveniles from the slow growing group which suggests that larval growth rate may be independent of juvenile growth rate. This observation agrees with some, but not all, earlier studies and has commercial relevance. Tests of heterozygosity and juvenile shell length indicated no association between average heterozygosity across all allozyme loci and the size of juveniles in any cohort regardless of the mating system used or their larval growth rate. The association between MLH and juvenile growth in bivalves is seldom detected in cohorts from a limited genetic background. The lack of an association between heterozygosity and size might therefore be expected in the half-sib and reciprocal cross cohorts, but not in the mass matings. The results argue against any significant association between heterozygosity and larval size in mussels.     

春季小降雨事件对科尔沁沙地尖头叶藜萌发的影响

通过人工模拟降雨试验研究了科尔沁沙地优势草本植物尖头叶藜萌发和幼苗建成对春季小降雨事件(2、4、8 mm和自然降雨)的响应。结果表明:不同降雨处理对尖头叶藜的萌发和幼苗建成有显著影响(P0.05)。8mm降水量是促使尖头叶藜萌发的最小降雨阈量。不同降雨量处理下尖头叶藜萌发数量大小顺序为:8mm处理对照4 mm处理2mm处理;而高度和冠幅依次是2 mm处理(2.23 cm和7.15 cm2.)对照(2.03 cm和6.21 cm2)4mm处理(1.86 cm和5.01 cm2)8mm处理(1.48cm和4.72 cm2);降雨量为8mm的地上生物量最多(45.26 g/m2),对照为35.49g/m2、4mm处理为26.54g/m2、2mm处理为15.26g/m2。尖头叶藜幼苗的水分利用效率与每次降水量呈显著地正相关关系,随着每次降雨量的增大地上生物量逐渐增大。本试验中各处理的总降雨量一致,但地上生物量不同且差异显著。每次降雨量×降雨次数的分布状况影响了尖头叶藜幼苗的地上生物量。科尔沁沙地尖头叶藜萌发及其幼苗建成在密度、形态和水分利用效率和地上生产力上对不同模式的小降雨做出了积极的响应。     

杂色山雀的婚外父权与配偶间的遗传相容性无关

婚配制度作为一种进化稳定对策是动物对某一环境包括种群内部环境适应的结果。据统计,约92%的鸟类为社会性单配制,但单配制鸟类中很多都存在婚外父权现象,表现出社会性婚配制度与遗传性婚配制度的不一致性。杂色山雀(Parus varius)是一种社会性单配制的小型森林洞巢鸟,其是否存在婚外父权现象至今尚未见报道。通过对杂色山雀进行亲权鉴定以确定其有无婚外父权现象及婚外父权的比例,结果显示:45.45%(20/44)的巢存在婚外父权,14.39%(38/264)的后代为婚外子代,说明杂色山雀具有较高的婚外父权水平。进一步探究其婚外父权的发生原因,结果如下:(1)有、无婚外父权巢的社会性亲本之间的遗传相似性无显著差异(P=0.504);(2)有婚外父权巢中婚内子代和无婚外父权巢中子代的杂合度(P=0.118)以及有婚外父权巢中婚外子代与婚内子代的杂合度(P=0.206)均无显著差异。(3)有婚外父权巢中的婚内子代与婚外子代间8项体征指标比较,差异均不显著(Ps0.05)。综上,社会性单配制杂色山雀婚外父权的发生与配偶间的遗传相容性无关,还有待从其他角度进行探究。