伊洛河流域外来草本植物分布格局

外来生物入侵及其防治已经成为生态学关注的重点和热点问题.目前的研究主要集中在外来入侵种上,然而入侵种仅占外来种中很少一部分,因此,研究外来种现有分布格局对研究生物入侵及其防治有重要意义.以伊洛河流域草本植物群落中的外来种为对象,沿河从河源地到入黄河口选取典型样地,在调查流域内草本植物群落中物种组成的基础上选取外来种,并对外来种种类组成及其分布格局进行研究.结果表明:流域内有外来草本植物27种,分属于15科,种类较多的科为菊科、苋科和豆科;引入方式以有意引种为主.流域横向不同生境间,河滩地在水流的养分富集、季节性洪水物理干扰及人为活动扰动作用下,呈现出受外来种分布较多,而受人类活动扰动最强且营养丰富的农田分布较小的分布格局;纵向环境梯度下,上游河源山地属于自然植被区,人为干扰较轻,且受外来种影响较小;中游丘陵区从自然生态系统向农业生态系统的过渡区域,人类活动的扰动有所加强;下游平原农业区,人类活动强烈,区域内以人工生态系统为主,群落物种组成简单但受外来种影响最大,受自然环境和人类活动的双重影响.不同物种在不同生境间差异明显,其中,小蓬草、钻叶紫菀和反枝苋广泛分布于3种生境中.总体上,伊洛河外来草本植物分布格局在自然因素的基础上强烈受人为因素的影响,呈现出从上游到下游逐渐增多的趋势.     

Effects of ROS and caspase-3-like protein on the growth and aerenchyma formation of Potamogeton perfoliatus stem

Protoplasma - Aerenchyma formation plays an important role in the survival of Potamogeton perfoliatus in submerged environment. To understand the regulatory role of reactive oxygen species (ROS)...     

土壤酶计量揭示了武夷山黄山松林土壤微生物沿海拔梯度的碳磷限制变化

了解土壤胞外酶活性和酶计量的变化对评估山地生态系统土壤养分有效性和微生物的营养限制状况具有重要意义.然而,亚热带山地森林土壤微生物的营养限制状况对海拔梯度变化的响应及其驱动因素尚不清楚.本研究以武夷山不同海拔(1200～2000 m)黄山松林为对象,测定了土壤基本性质、微生物生物量以及与碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)循环...     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同退耕模式土壤微生物多样性

利用变性梯度凝胶电泳和Biolog_Eco生态培养平板技术,调查了喀斯特自然退耕(NT,撂荒)、人工种植经济林(CM,木豆-板栗)、免耕(PI,牧草-任豆)和传统耕作(MB,玉米-大豆)4种退耕模式下的土壤微生物遗传分类和土壤细菌代谢功能多样性.结果表明:退耕模式显著影响了土壤微生物群落结构和细菌代谢模式, 其中真菌群落更依赖于退耕模式,而细菌群落对季节变迁更敏感;短时期(6～7年)不同退耕模式下土壤中细菌遗传分类多样性没有显著性差异(P>0.05),经济林与牧草地土壤真菌遗传分类多样性显著高于撂荒和传统耕作地(P<0.05);免耕牧草地土壤细菌代谢功能多样性显著低于其他模式(P<0.05).因此,真菌遗传多样性和细菌代谢多样性较细菌遗传多样性对退耕模式响应更敏感;土壤细菌群落对季节的变化比真菌敏感;木豆 板栗经济林对维持土壤微生物遗传和细菌代谢功能多样性具有优势,是较好的退耕模式.     

Glucose biosensor based on electrodeposited platinum nanoparticles and three-dimensional porous chitosan membranes

The chitosan with three-dimensional porous structure greatly increased the effective electrode surface for loading of platinum nanoparticles and promoted efficient electron transfer. The resulting biosensor had a response time (within 5 s) and a linear response from 6 μM to 4.2 mM glucose with a detection limit of 2 μM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the methodology can be applied for the immobilization of other enzymes.     

中国南海侧扁软柳珊瑚中孕甾烷类化学成分的研究(英文)

从南海侧扁软柳珊瑚Subergorgia suberosa的二氯甲烷-甲醇提取物中首次分离鉴定了8个孕甾烷类化合物,经波谱鉴定为3β-O-palmitoyl-pregn-5-ene-20-one-3-ol (1),3β-O-palmitoyl-5α-pregn-20-one-3-ol (2),5α-pregn-1-ene-3,20-dione (3),3β,5α-pregn-20-one-3-ol (4),3β-pregn-5-ene-20-one-3-ol (5),3β,5β-pregn-20-one-3-ol (6),5β-pregn-3,20-dione (7),pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (8).其中化合物1,2为新化合物.     

塔里木河下游不同退化区地表植被和土壤种子库特征

对塔里木河下游不同退化程度的4个典型断面进行了植被和土壤种子库的取样调查,采用种子萌发试验研究了不同退化区植被和土壤种子库的特征,结果表明:(1)塔里木河下游地表植被表现为严重的逆行演替,具体体现为胡杨林都为过熟林,几乎没有胸径在10cm以下的幼林;植被盖度、密度和多样性指数均维持在一个较低的水平上;随退化程度不断加重,地表植被中草本植物的相对密度、相对盖度和相对频度逐渐降低,而灌木和乔木的相对密度、相对盖度和相对频度逐渐增加;(2)研究区土壤种子库的基本特征是:土壤种子库种类贫乏、密度低、多样性指数和相似性系数不高;(3) 随退化程度的加重,土壤种子库物种数不断减少、密度明显下降、优势种组成趋于单一、表层种子库比例升高、1年生草本植物占优势逐渐向多年生草本植物和灌木植物转变及土壤种子库物种组成与地上植被物种组成上差异显著.     

Self-organizing circuit assembly through spatiotemporally coordinated neuronal migration within geometric constraints

Background

Neurons are dynamically coupled with each other through neurite-mediated adhesion during development. Understanding the collective behavior of neurons in circuits is important for understanding neural development. While a number of genetic and activity-dependent factors regulating neuronal migration have been discovered on single cell level, systematic study of collective neuronal migration has been lacking. Various biological systems are shown to be self-organized, and it is not known if neural circuit assembly is self-organized. Besides, many of the molecular factors take effect through spatial patterns, and coupled biological systems exhibit emergent property in response to geometric constraints. How geometric constraints of the patterns regulate neuronal migration and circuit assembly of neurons within the patterns remains unexplored.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We established a two-dimensional model for studying collective neuronal migration of a circuit, with hippocampal neurons from embryonic rats on Matrigel-coated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). When the neural circuit is subject to geometric constraints of a critical scale, we found that the collective behavior of neuronal migration is spatiotemporally coordinated. Neuronal somata that are evenly distributed upon adhesion tend to aggregate at the geometric center of the circuit, forming mono-clusters. Clustering formation is geometry-dependent, within a critical scale from 200 µm to approximately 500 µm. Finally, somata clustering is neuron-type specific, and glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons tend to aggregate homo-philically.

Conclusions/Significance

We demonstrate self-organization of neural circuits in response to geometric constraints through spatiotemporally coordinated neuronal migration, possibly via mechanical coupling. We found that such collective neuronal migration leads to somata clustering, and mono-cluster appears when the geometric constraints fall within a critical scale. The discovery of geometry-dependent collective neuronal migration and the formation of somata clustering in vitro shed light on neural development in vivo.     

芥子气暴露的确证：家兔皮肤染毒后血红蛋白N端缬氨酸加合物的同位素稀释-NCI-GC/MS溯源性检测

素有＂毒剂之王＂之称的芥子气（HD）是目前危害最大的化学战剂之一,染毒后在体内可产生不同类型的特征性生物标志物,其对中毒诊断、溯源性分析以及毒理机制等研究有着重要的意义.本文首先采用同位素稀释-NCI-GC/MS分析方法监测和鉴定了HD体外全血染毒后产生的血红蛋白N端缬氨酸加合物（HETE-Val）;其次,研究了不同剂量HD（0.02～0.15LD50）经皮染毒家兔体内HETE-Val的时效、量效关系.结果表明,HETE-Val与家兔中毒剂量间有良好的量效关系,而时效关系表明染毒后15min内即可产生并检测到HETE-Val,一周内达到最大,随后逐渐下降,但至染毒后第103天仍可监测到该加合物.与血红蛋白N端缬氨酸加合反应的HD仅占HD染毒总量的～0.15‰,与家兔血液反应的HD约占HD染毒总量的～1%.表明HETE-Val是一种重要的生物标志物,并可应用于HD暴露的确证和化学武器核查的溯源性检测.