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21.
Cell-free supernatant of pelleted zoospores was found to be more suitable for maintaining viable zoospores and developed cysts
than the supernatant of mature cysts. Conductivity and pH measurements indicated quantitative changes in the ionic composition
of a suspension ofP. infestans zoospores during their conversion into cysts. An increase in conductivity in the incipient cyst suspension was followed by
a decrease of conductivity in the maturing cyst suspension. The conductivity changes correlated closely with K+ fluxes which, in turn, coincided with the reverse, but stoichiometrically smaller, H+ fluxes. Zoospores treated with 1.5 μmol/L DCCD (an inhibitor of plasma membrane H+-ATPase) or 100 mmol/L Li+ (an inhibitor of cell motility) released predominantly K+ and other cations and their O2 consumption decreased. The H+/K+ exchange is therefore very probably associated with an operation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. The differential decrease in respiration caused by DCCD and Li+ was used to estimate the energy demand for cell motility and spore development. 相似文献
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23.
The rhodopsin system of the squid 总被引:6,自引:19,他引:6
Squid rhodopsin (λmax 493 mµ)—like vertebrate rhodopsins—contains a retinene chromophore linked to a protein, opsin. Light transforms rhodopsin to lumi- and metarhodopsin. However, whereas vertebrate metarhodopsin at physiological temperatures decomposes into retinene and opsin, squid metarhodopsin is stable. Light also converts squid metarhodopsin to rhodopsin. Rhodopsin is therefore regenerated from metarhodopsin in the light. Irradiation of rhodopsin or metarhodopsin produces a steady state by promoting the reactions, See PDF for Equation Squid rhodopsin contains neo-b (11-cis) retinene; metarhodopsin all-trans retinene. The interconversion of rhodopsin and metarhodopsin involves only the stereoisomerization of their chromophores. Squid metarhodopsin is a pH indicator, red (λmax 500 mµ) near neutrality, yellow (λmax 380 mµ) in alkaline solution. The two forms—acid and alkaline metarhodopsin—are interconverted according to the equation, Alkaline metarhodopsin + H+ acid metarhodopsin, with pK 7.7. In both forms, retinene is attached to opsin at the same site as in rhodopsin. However, metarhodopsin decomposes more readily than rhodopsin into retinene and opsin. The opsins apparently fit the shape of the neo-b chromophore. When light isomerizes the chromophore to the all-trans configuration, squid opsin accepts the all-trans chromophore, while vertebrate opsins do not and hence release all-trans retinene. Light triggers vision by affecting directly the shape of the retinene chromophore. This changes its relationship with opsin, so initiating a train of chemical reactions. 相似文献
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26.
Summary Cyclic AMP (300µ
m) activates phosphofructokinase from dialyzed haemolysates of mature rat erythrocytes. The main conclusions are: a) Cyclic AMP, at pH 7.1 and low concentrations of fructose-6-phosphate, is able to reverse the inhibition produced by different amounts of ATP (up to 1.5mm). b) The cyclic nucleotide is a positive allosteric effector of the enzyme as shown by the displacement of sigmoidal fructose-6-phosphate saturation curve to hyperbolic kinetics in the presence of inhibitory concentrations (1.5mm) of ATP. c) Cyclic AMP has no significant influence as deinhibitor of phosphofructokinase either at pH 7.1 and non-inhibitory levels (0.25mm) of ATP or at pH 8.1 and inhibitory (1.5mm) of non-inhibitory (0.25mm) concentrations of ATP. Similar conclusions were obtained with 300µ
m AMP but not at a lower concentration (3µ
m) with both nucleotides.The comparison of cyclic AMP results with those obtained under similar concentrations of AMP suggest that cyclic AMP is really only an in vitro modulator of the enzyme from rat erythrocytes, presumably at an AMP regulatory site, since non-physiological concentrations are required to act as deinhibitor. 相似文献
27.
ALAN SHER MARK ST. J. CRANE LOUIS V. KIRCHHOFF 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》1983,30(2):278-283
The differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes into trypomastigotes was studied in diffusion chambers sub-cutaneously implanted in mice. Using epimastigotes of the Tulahuén strain, transformation was first evident at 16 h after implantation and reached its maximum (92% trypomastigotes) by 24 h. Shortly before their differentiation into trypomastigotes, epimastigotes were found to develop resistance to lysis by the alternative pathway of complement. Furthermore, implantation of stationary-phase (as opposed to log-phase) parasites resulted in the accumulation of large numbers of complement-resistant epimastigotes in the chambers. These observations suggest that epimastigotes pass through a complement-resistant transitional stage before differentiating into trypomastigotes and that transformation may require cell division. In a further series of experiments, epimastigotes recovered 7 h after implantation in mice were found to differentiate into trypomastigotes when cultured in vitro for an additional 17 h at 37°C. This observation indicates that the events which trigger the morphologic transformation of epimastigotes into trypomastigotes can be dissociated operationally from the differentiation process itself. 相似文献
28.
Imre Mezö János Seprödi Judit Érchegyi István Teplán Magdolna Kovacs Bela Flerkó 《Peptides》1983,4(2):149-151
Inhibitory analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) were prepared with formyl-D-Trp1, acetyl-D-Trp1, valeryl-D-Trp1, tartaryl-D-Trp1, diacetyl-tartaryl-D-Trp1, acetyl-Gly1, and acetyl-Sar1 successively replacing the position one in the analogue [D-Trp1, D-p-Cl-Phe2, D-Trp3, D-Phe6, D-Ala10]-LH-RH. The formyl-D-Trp1 and acetyl-D-Trp1 analogues yielded 100% blockade of ovulation at the 10 μg dose; the others were less potent and inhibited ovulation at the 50 μg dose. The inhibitory potency seems to correlate with the polarity of the acyl group. 相似文献
29.
A crocodilian skeleton from the «série du gypse d'Aix (basal Aquitanian) at Venelles (Bouches-du-Rhône) is described and referred to Diplocynodon cf. rateli. The specimen seems to have been mutilated by scavengers before burial. The occurrence of the freshwater crocodilian Diplocynodon in the «série du gypse d'Aix is in agreement with recent reconstructions of the depositional environment, which suggest a basin with a fluctuating, but usually low, salinity. 相似文献
30.
JOSEP PIÑOL XAVIER ESPADALER NÚRIA CAÑELLAS JORDI MARTÍNEZ‐VILALTA JOSÉ A. BARRIENTOS DANIEL SOL 《Ecological Entomology》2010,35(3):367-376
1. Predation‐exclusion experiments have highlighted that top‐down control is pervasive in terrestrial communities, but most of these experiments are simplistic in that they only excluded a single group of predators and the effect of removal was evaluated on a few species from the community. The main goal of our study was to experimentally establish the relative effects of ants and birds on the same arthropod assemblage of canopy trees. 2. We conducted 1‐year long manipulative experiments in an organic citrus grove intended to quantify the independent effects of bird and ant predators on the abundance of arthropods. Birds were excluded with plastic nets whereas ants were excluded with sticky barriers on the trunks. The sticky barrier also excluded other ground dwelling insects, like the European earwig Forficula auricularia L. 3. Both the exclusion of ants and birds affected the arthropod community of the citrus canopies, but the exclusion of ants was far more important than the exclusion of birds. Indeed, almost all groups of arthropods had higher abundance in ant‐excluded than in control trees, whereas only dermapterans were more abundant in bird‐excluded than in control trees. A more detailed analysis conducted on spiders also showed that the effect of ant exclusion was limited to a few families rather than being widespread over the entire diverse spectrum of spiders. 4. Our results suggest that the relative importance of vertebrate and invertebrate predators in regulating arthropod populations largely depends on the nature of the predator–prey system. 相似文献