腹毛目纤毛虫皮膜演化的一种特殊形式--卵圆急纤虫无性二分裂期间的形态发生学

对海洋纤毛虫卵圆急纤虫无性分裂过程中的形态发生做了跟踪观察,结果表明,该种的皮膜演化表现了一系列在腹毛目种类中所罕见的特征:1)新老口围带有一临时性汇联为一的阶段;2)左右缘棘毛原基分步出现,即明显的不同步现象;3)大核的改组在细胞分裂开始前即已完成;4)本种后仔虫之棘毛原基的分化既非独立发生又非来自于老结构的反分化,而是紧靠口原基的一侧向外分衍并极可能是孤立地发展而成;5)老的波动膜在形态发生过程中亦无反分化现象,而呈独特的半原基模式.     

A clinally varying promoter polymorphism associated with adaptive variation in wing size in Drosophila

Body size often shows adaptive clines in many ectotherms across altitude and latitude, but little is known about the genetic basis of these adaptive clines. Here we identify a polymorphism in the Dca (Drosophila cold acclimation) gene in Drosophila melanogaster that influences wing size, affects wing:thorax allometry and also controls a substantial proportion of the clinal wing‐size variation. A polymorphism in the promoter region of Dca had two common alleles showing strong reciprocal clinal variation in frequency with latitude along the east coast of Australia. The Dca‐237 allele increased towards the tropics where wing size is smaller. A within‐population association study highlighted that an increase in the frequency of this allele decreased wing size but did not influence thorax size. A manipulated increase in the level of expression of Dca achieved through UAS‐GAL4 was associated with a decrease in wing size but had no effect on thorax size. This was consistent with higher Dca expression levels in family lines with higher frequency of the Dca‐237 allele. Genetic variation in the promoter region of the Dca gene appears to influence adaptive size variation in the eastern Australian cline of Drosophila melanogaster and accounts for more than 10% of the genetic variation in size within and between populations.     

Further Consideration of the Phylogeny of Some "Traditional" Heterotrichs (Protista, Ciliophora) of Uncertain Affinities, Based on New Sequences of the Small Subunit rRNA Gene

ABSTRACT. The systematic relationships and taxonomic positions of the traditional heterotrich genera Condylostentor, Climacostomum, Fabrea , Folliculina, Peritromus , and Condylostoma , as well as the licnophorid genus Licnophora , were re-examined using new data from sequences of the gene coding for small subunit ribosomal RNA. Trees constructed using distance-matrix, Bayesian inference, and maximum-parsimony methods all showed the following relationships: (1) the "traditional" heterotrichs consist of several paraphyletic groups, including the current classes Heterotrichea, Armophorea and part of the Spirotrichea; (2) the class Heterotrichea was confirmed as a monophyletic assemblage based on our analyses of 31 taxa, and the genus Peritromus was demonstrated to be a peripheral group; (3) the genus Licnophora occupied an isolated branch on one side of the deepest divergence in the subphylum Intramacronucleata and was closely affiliated with spirotrichs, armophoreans, and clevelandellids; (4) Condylostentor , a recently defined genus with several truly unique morphological features, is more closely related to Condylostoma than to Stentor ; (5) Folliculina, Eufolliculina , and Maristentor always clustered together with high bootstrap support; and (6) Climacostomum occupied a paraphyletic position distant from Fabrea , showing a close relationship with Condylostomatidae and Chattonidiidae despite of modest support.     

AHL类似物作为细菌群体感应系统促进剂的研究进展

应用N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯（N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones，AHL）介导的群体感应（quorum sensing，QS）系统调控生物膜形成和次级代谢物合成具有巨大的商业价值，但自然界中许多微生物能够产生群体淬灭（Quorum Quenching，QQ）酶，QQ酶能够降解天然AHL信号分子，使外源天然 AHL 信号分子的半衰期缩短，限制了天然AHL 信号分子的应用范围。化学合成的AHL类似物作为QS促进剂，通过与天然信号分子类似的结合方式形成转录二聚体，激活下游基因表达，但与天然AHL信号分子相比，化学合成的QS促进剂具有活性高、半衰期长等优点。本文综述了化学合成AHL类似物的设计思路、种类、作用机制及其在提高次级代谢物产量和生物浸矿方面的应用，并讨论了QS促进剂今后主要的研究方向，以期为QS促进剂的合成设计和实际应用提供参考。     

Novistrombidium sinicum n. sp. and Novistrombidium orientale n. sp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora): Two New Oligotrich Ciliates from a Mangrove Wetland, South China

ABSTRACT. The morphology and infraciliature of two new marine oligotrich ciliates, Novistrombidium sinicum n. sp. and Novistrombidium orientale n. sp., isolated from a mangrove wetland near Guangzhou, southern China, were studied from live and protargol-stained specimens. Novistrombidium sinicum is different from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: three posteriorly directed thigmotactic membranelles, one ellipsoidal macronucleus, the extrusomes equidistantly arranged, and the ventral kinety commencing below the right end of the girdle kinety. The small-sized N. orientale can be separated from its congeners by two posteriorly directed thigmotactic membranelles, one ellipsoidal macronucleus, the extrusomes equidistantly arranged, and the ventral kinety commencing below the right end of the girdle kinety.     

Environmental controls over carbon exchange of three forest ecosystems in eastern China

Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) was continuously measured using the eddy covariance (EC) technique from 2003 to 2005 at three forest sites of ChinaFLUX. The forests include Changbaishan temperate mixed forest (CBS), Qianyanzhou subtropical coniferous plantation (QYZ), and Dinghushan subtropical evergreen broad‐leaved forest (DHS). They span wide ranges of temperature and precipitation and are influenced by the eastern Asian monsoon climate to varying extent. In this study, we estimated ecosystem respiration (RE) and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP). Comparison of ecosystem carbon exchange among the three forests shows that RE was mainly determined by temperature, with the forest at CBS exhibiting the highest temperature sensitivity among the three ecosystems. The RE was highly dependent on GEP across the three forests, and the ratio of RE to GEP decreased along the North–South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) (i.e. from the CBS to the DHS), with an average of 0.77 ± 0.06. Daily GEP was mainly influenced by temperature at CBS, whereas photosynthetic photon flux density was the dominant factor affecting the daily GEP at both QYZ and DHS. Temperature mainly determined the pattern of the interannual variations of ecosystem carbon exchange at CBS. However, water availability primarily controlled the interannual variations of ecosystem carbon exchange at QYZ. At DHS, NEP attained the highest values at the beginning of the dry seasons (autumn) rather than the rainy seasons (summer), probably because insufficient radiation and frequent fog during the rainy seasons hindered canopy photosynthesis. All the three forest ecosystems acted as a carbon sink from 2003 to 2005. The annual average values of NEP at CBS, QYZ, and DHS were 259 ± 19, 354 ± 34, and 434 ± 66 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively. The slope of NEP that decreased with increasing latitude along the NSTEC was markedly different from that observed on the forest transect in the European continent. Long‐term flux measurements over more forest ecosystems along the NSTEC will further help verify such a difference between the European forest transect and the NSTEC and provide insights into the responses of ecosystem carbon exchange to climate change in China.     

氟对镍钛拉簧的腐蚀性研究

目的:研究模拟应用氟化物防龋的口腔环境下,不同浓度氟化物对镍钛拉簧的应力衰减的影响。方法:选取两种国内常用品牌0.010 inch镍钛拉簧各40根,随机将每种拉簧平均分入四个浓度组(0.05%、0.10%、0.15%和对照组),将相同浓度组的不同品牌弹簧分别固定于间距为20 mm的四个支架的两端。将四个支架分别放入37℃人工唾液中水浴。将实验组按浓度分组放入不同浓度氟化人工唾液(0.05%、0.10%、0.15%)中处理5 min,每天三次。分别于实验前、实验后1周、2周、3周、4周用拉伸机测量每根弹簧拉伸至20 mm时的应力。对实验结果使用重复测量的方差分析。结果:时间因素对两种镍钛拉簧拉伸应力的衰减的影响有统计学意义,氟化物浓度有辅助效应,二者有交互作用。氟化物作用下不同品牌镍钛拉簧的应力腐蚀变化不同。(P0.05)。结论:1.氟化物的存在可以增加镍钛拉簧的应力衰减。2.在正畸治疗的临床工作中在使用氟化物时应考虑增加镍钛拉簧的更换频率。     

食用菌厉眼蕈蚊Lycoriella ingenua在温度逆境下的存活率

以食用菌重要害虫-厉眼蕈蚊属的Lycoriella ingenua为研究对象,研究了不同逆境温度下各虫态存活率的差异。结果表明温度对不同虫态存活率的影响存在显著性差异。成虫和蛹对高温具有一定适应性,卵对高温的适应性最低但具有一定的低温耐受力。在35-40℃高温下,相同暴露时间,各虫态的存活率随温度的升高而降低,但成虫的存活率均高于其它虫态。38℃下全部死亡的暴露时间分别为:成虫48 h,蛹24 h,幼虫12 h,卵2h。在40℃达到全部死亡的暴露时间分别为:成虫24 h、蛹12 h、卵和幼虫0.5 h。低温处理下,各虫态随着暴露时间的延长存活率逐渐降低。5℃低温下,相同暴露时间,成虫存活率均高于其它虫态,但在0℃低温下暴露24 h后全部死亡,显著高于其它虫态;幼虫在低温下取食活动减弱,5℃下暴露24 h后停止取食,相同暴露时间下随着温度的降低存活率下降;蛹对0℃的耐受力高于成虫和幼虫,暴露4 h后可以正常羽化,48 h后全部死亡;卵对短时间的低温具有一定耐受力,但随着暴露时间的延长存活率降低幅度大。     

Responses of the distribution of four epiphytic cyanolichens to habitat changes in subtropical forests

 蓝藻地衣是附生植物类群的重要组成部分, 在森林生态系统的环境监测和养分循环中发挥着重要作用。该研究在云南哀牢山亚热带森林系统的2种原生和6种次生森林群落中, 以粉缘绵毛衣(Leioderma sorediatum)、天蓝猫耳衣(Leptogium azureum)、网肺衣(Lobaria retigera)和双缘牛皮叶(Sticta duplolimbata) 4种常见蓝藻地衣为对象, 共设立120个样地, 调查了它们在3 600株树木0–2 m树干上的分布, 探讨其分布特征及与森林类群、宿主种类以及林龄等生境因子的关系。研究发现4种蓝藻地衣在森林群落间的分布模式明显不同。除双缘牛皮叶的盖度和频度在原生苔藓矮林中最高外, 其他3种蓝藻地衣的最高值均出现于次生林如厚皮香(Ternstroemia gymnanthera)林和滇山杨(Populus bonatii)林中; 而哀牢山地区广布的原生木果柯(Lithocarpus xylocarpus)林中, 4种蓝藻地衣极为少见。4种地衣都能生长于10多个树种上, 但明显表现出对厚皮香、滇山杨和硬壳柯(Lithocarpus hancei)等树种的偏好性, 以及对小花山茶(Camellia forrestii)等的排斥性。森林群落的林龄、胸径、最大胸径、林冠开阔度、基面积、树木密度和树种多样性等因子的变化均对4种附生蓝藻地衣的分布产生重要影响, 但在景观尺度上影响程度相对较小, 在不同森林群落内部却有各自的重要作用。其中, 林龄、林冠开阔度和宿主胸径是影响蓝藻地衣分布的最重要的生境因子。     

MiR-27靶基因的分析及鉴定

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类约20～25nt的小分子核苷酸,在细胞内的多种生物学过程,如细胞增殖、凋亡、生长、分化和代谢等过程中具有重要的功能。已知miR-27在脂肪细胞和肌肉细胞的发育过程中起了重要作用,其在神经细胞中的表达调节至今仍不清楚。在本研究中,通过miRBase和TargetScan数据库分析了miR-27的靶基因,构建了miR-27的真核表达载体,改造了萤火虫荧光素酶和海肾荧光素酶报告载体,将miR-27的靶基因Bmi1的3′-UTR融合到报告载体中,转染神经胶质瘤细胞,利用双荧光素酶检测系统分析荧光素酶的活性。研究发现miR-27a和miR-27b共同的靶基因主要调节发育过程。MiR-27真核表达载体能产生成熟态的miR-27。MiR-27a、miR-27b或miR-27a和miR-27b联合与Bmi1的3′-UTR的正义序列共转染U343细胞能明显降低萤火虫荧光素酶的活性(分别P0.05,P0.05,P0.01),这提示了Bmi1可能为miR-27的靶基因。