从核rDNA序列探讨隙蛛亚科Coelotinae的分类地位

隙蛛亚科Coelotinae主要分布于东亚地区,其中我国的已有种类占到全世界种数的一半以上,因此对于我国隙蛛类蜘蛛的研究已经成为世界暗蛛科研究的重点之一。隙蛛亚科属于无筛器类群,于1893年,由Cambridge以隙蛛属为模式属而建立,归属于无筛器的漏斗蛛科。之后,虽然经历了数次修订     

Trichopodiella faurei n. sp. (Ciliophora,Phyllopharyngea, Cyrtophoria): Morphological Description and Phylogenetic Analyses Based on SSU rRNA and Group I Intron Sequences

ABSTRACT. A new marine cyrtophorian ciliate Trichopodiella faurei n. sp., which belongs to the order Dysteriida, family Hartmannulidae, was investigated at the morphological and molecular levels. A combination of morphological features of the organism including the oval body shape, 2–3 contractile vacuoles, 22–28 nematodesmal rods in the cytopharyngeal basket, and 31–39 somatic kineties, distinguishes it from all other known congeners. In reconstructed small subunit (SSU) rRNA phylogenies, T. faurei groups with Isochona, a representative genus of the subclass Chonotrichia. The similarity of the infraciliature between hartmannulids and several chonotrichian examples also suggests that these taxa should be closely related. A new S943 intron belonging to group IC1 was identified in the SSU rRNA gene of this species. This intron is phylogenetically related to the S891 introns previously found in the suctorians Acineta sp. and Tokophrya lemnarum, and their internal guide sequences share four nucleotides, indicating that these introns were vertically inherited from a common phyllopharyngean ancestor and that reverse splicing might have been involved in the transposition.     

Reconsideration of the Phylogenetic Positions of Five Peritrich Genera,Vorticella, Pseudovorticella,Zoothamnopsis, Zoothamnium,and Epicarchesium (Ciliophora,Peritrichia, Sessilida), Based on Small Subunit rRNA Gene Sequences

ABSTRACT. In order to re‐evaluate the systematics of sessilid peritrich ciliates, small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequences were determined for 12 species belonging to five genera: Vorticella, Pseudovorticella, Epicarchesium, Zoothamnium, and Zoothamnopsis. Phylogenetic trees were deduced using Bayesian inference, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood methods. The phylogenetic analyses suggest that (1) sessilids which have stalks with continuous myonemes that contract in a zig‐zag fashion form a separate clade from those which have stalks that contract independently and in a spiral fashion, supporting the separation of the family Zoothamniidae from the family Vorticellidae and (2) Epicarchesium and Pseudovorticella, both of which have reticulate silverline systems, are more closely related to each other than to other vorticellids, suggesting that differences in the silverline system (i.e. transverse vs. reticulate) may be the result of genuine evolutionary divergence among sessilid peritrichs. However, the newly sequenced Zoothamnopsis sinica, which has a reticulate silverline pattern, nests within the unresolved Zoothamnium species that have transverse silverline patterns. Thus, there were at least two evolutions of the reticulate silverline pattern character state from a plesiomorphic transverse state in the peritrichid ciliates. The molecular work demonstrates the genus Zoothamnium to be paraphyletic in relation to morphological studies, and suggests that Astylozoon, Opisthonecta, and Vorticella microstoma possibly share a SSU rRNA secondary structure in the helix E10‐1 region.     

Morphology and Small Subunit rDNA Gene Sequence of Pseudoamphisiella quadrinucleata n. sp. (Ciliophora,Urostylida) from the South China Sea

ABSTRACT. The urosylid genus Pseudoamphisiella was established by Song (1996) with hitherto only two known congeners. In the present work, the morphology and infraciliature of a new member, Pseudoamphisiella quadrinucleata n. sp., a form with conspicuous alveolar layer and four macronuclear nodules isolated from the coastal waters both near Hong Kong and near Guangzhou, South China were investigated using living observation and protargol silver impregnation methods. Pseudoamphisiella quadrinucleata differs from other two known forms mainly by the number of macronuclear nodules: constantly four vs. two in Pseudoamphisiella alveolata and 24–57 in Pseudoamphisiella lacazei. To support this, the sequence of the small subunit rDNA of P. quadrinucleata n. sp. showed 14 and 74 nucleotides in comparison with that of the two known congeners, respectively, which hence firmly supports the validity of the new species.     

我国铗蠓属一新亚属及二新种(双翅目,蠓科)

描述了发现于安徽淮南地区铗蠓属Forcipomyia Meigen,1818的新亚属,三囊亚属Trithicomyia subgen.nov.和2新种:淮南铗蠓Forcipomyia(Trithicomyia)huainanensis sp.nov.,纯洁铗蠓Forcipomyia(Euprojoannisia)amiantos sp.nov.,并因为发现具毛铗蠓和显赫铗蠓的拉丁学名的种名早先已被应用,为此分别将Forcipomyia ciliata Liu and Yu更名为F.cicuta Yu,Forcipomyia notata Yu and Liu更名为F.nobilis Yu。新种模式标本收藏于医学昆虫标本馆。     

小麦进化过程中叶片气孔和光合特征演变趋势

根据小麦属内种间的进化关系选取21种小麦品种为实验材料,研究了小麦进化过程中气孔特征和光合特征的演变趋势。结果表明,无论是A,B,D染色体组还是A,G染色体组,气孔长度、宽度、周长、面积均随倍性水平的升高而呈增大趋势,而气孔指数无显著变化;A,B,D染色体组气孔密度随倍性升高呈减少趋势。二倍体小麦的Pn值最高,六倍体小麦的Fv/Fm值较高,二倍体小麦叶片叶绿素含量显著高于四倍体和六倍体小麦。不同倍性小麦的净光合速率与气孔导度间均存在极显著相关关系,表明气孔传导力是小麦光合能力的主要限制因素之一。气孔导度与单一气孔特征之间无显著相关关系。A,B,D染色体组不同倍性小麦叶片气孔密度差异显著,其大小顺序为二倍体〉四倍体〉六倍体;A,B,D染色体组不同倍体小麦叶片的气孔长度、宽度、周长、面积差异显著,顺序均为六倍体〉四倍体〉二倍体,气孔密度降低可能是A,B,D染色体组六倍体小麦光合能力降低的原因。随着倍性的升高,小麦的抵抗光抑制能力越强,因此光化学能转换效率可能不是小麦进化过程中光合能力变化的原因。A,B,D染色体组中二倍体的叶绿素含量显著大于四倍体和六倍体,而A,G染色体组中倍体间叶绿素含量差异不显著,说明叶绿素的降低可能是A,B,D染色体组六倍体光合能力降低的原因之一。     

基于生态导向的城市空间优化与功能组织——以天津市滨海新区临海新城为例

以生态学理论为指导,全面统筹建设城市的生态环境、社会环境、经济环境和物质形体环境的城市规划手段是实现城市自然-经济-社会和谐、高效、持续发展的重要途径。研究以天津市滨海新区临海新城为例,借鉴景观生态学分析方法,提出基于生态导向的城市空间优化和功能组织的规划思路：基于城市生态环境现状评价和问题诊断基础,整体优化生态景观格局;利用GIS空间分析技术进行城市生态适宜性和敏感性分析,划分城市生态功能区;结合城市职能定位和产业选择,确定自然生态因子和经济活动的镶嵌关系,优化城市产业活动的空间配置。实证研究的结果表明：基于生态导向的城市空间优化与功能组织将城市规划引向重建自然和保护自然的空间塑造过程;城市生态网络空间的构建决定了城市“组团状”的功能组织和空间布局模式;基于生态分析的城市空间优化保障了城市生态系统的健康持续发展。     

华南地区龙眼的温度适宜性及其变化趋势

运用温度适宜度模型对华南地区龙眼生产和生育期的适宜性及其时空差异进行了计算、评价和预测。首先分析龙眼各生育期适宜度,结果表明,休眠期、花芽生理分化期、花芽形态分化期适宜性较低,具有较高的变率,开花期、果实发育成熟期、抽梢期表现出较高的温度适宜性,变率也较小,并且通过进一步研究发现影响华南地区龙眼生产的关键问题不是冷害,而是冬春季节的热害;其次分析华南地区各县区的平均温度适宜度,结果表明,华南地区龙眼温度适宜性的地域分异呈纬度地带性规律,并根据龙眼减产率将华南地区划分为最适宜型、适宜型、次适宜型、低适宜型和不适宜型五大适宜度类型;最后分析龙眼各生育期温度适宜度的年际变化,发现未来各生育期中除果实发育成熟期和抽梢期无明显变动外,其他生育期的温度适宜度都有下降趋势,同时对华南地区各站点龙眼温度适宜度的变化趋势作分析,结果表明,除福建省部分地区有弱上升外,总体上华南地区温度适宜度有下降趋势,且存在着地区差异,并且未来龙眼的适宜种植区将有可能北移,根据各站点未来适宜度变化的方向和强度进行分类,将华南地区划分为强下降型、次强下降型、弱下降型和上升型四大变动类型。     

全球环境变化对森林凋落物分解的影响

全球环境变化将对森林生态系统凋落物的分解和养分循环产生直接和间接的多重影响.就全球环境变化如全球变暖、大气CO2浓度升高、UV-B辐射增强、氮沉降等对凋落物分解影响的研究进展进行了综合述评.影响凋落物分解的内部因素为凋落物基质质量,外部因素包括生物因素(微生物和动物)和非生物因素(温度、水分和土壤性质等).全球变暖对凋落物分解的非生物作用有正效应,也有负效应.全球变暖对凋落物化学组成虽然只有轻微的影响,但可以通过影响植被的物种组成来间接改变凋落物的产量、化学性质和分解.全球变暖对凋落物分解生物作用的主要影响是增强土壤微生物活性,从而加速凋落物的分解.CO2浓度上升将增加凋落物产量,并通过影响凋落物质量(提高C/N比、木质素/N比等)和生物环境(微生物的数量和活性)而影响分解过程.UV-B辐射和大气N沉降的增加亦对凋落物分解产生直接和间接的影响,但影响效果尚不很清楚,有待进一步的研究.总起来看,全球环境变化将通过影响凋落物的分解速率而对全球碳循环产生重要影响,但由于气候变化和凋落物分解响应的复杂性以及各因子之间的相互作用,气候变化对凋落物分解的总效应尚需更深入的研究来定量化.     

普通野生稻小种群的交配系统与遗传多样性

小种群的遗传动态是保育遗传学关注的核心问题之一,而种群遗传动态又与交配系统密切相关.普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon Griff.)是具有重要经济价值的濒危物种,目前其种群规模都较小,研究其小种群交配系统与遗传变异性对普通野生稻的保护具有重要意义.运用7对SSR引物,对采自江西东乡普通野生稻小种群的36份种茎和其中20个家系共计601份子代进行了分析.结果显示:该种群的表观异交率为0.318,多位点法估计(MLTR)的多位点异交率为0.481;50%以上的子代共享亲本,非随机交配明显;东乡普通野生稻种群交配系统属于混合交配类型.比较亲本和子代种群的遗传变异性显示:子代种群比亲本种群遗传变异性更丰富;子代种群的杂合子不足与种群变小自交比例上升有关;而亲本种群杂合子过剩可能与杂合基因型的选择优势有关.这些结果说明创造条件扩大种群规模对普通野生稻的原生境保护显得尤为重要.