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排序方式: 共有192条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
91.
Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies have entered a new phase since the blossoming of complete genome analyses. Sequencing complete mtDNAs is more expensive and more labour intensive than restriction analysis or simply sequencing the control region of the molecule. But the efforts are paying off, as the phylogenetic resolution of the mtDNA tree has been greatly improved, and, in turn, phylogeographic interpretations can be given correspondingly greater precision in terms of the timing and direction of human dispersals. Therefore, despite mtDNA being only a fraction of our total genome, the deciphering of its evolution is profoundly changing our perception about how modern humans spread across our planet. Here we illustrate the phylogeographic approach with two case studies: the initial dispersal out of Africa, and the colonization of Europe. 相似文献
92.
Pala M Olivieri A Achilli A Accetturo M Metspalu E Reidla M Tamm E Karmin M Reisberg T Hooshiar Kashani B Perego UA Carossa V Gandini F Pereira JB Soares P Angerhofer N Rychkov S Al-Zahery N Carelli V Sanati MH Houshmand M Hatina J Macaulay V Pereira L Woodward SR Davies W Gamble C Baird D Semino O Villems R Torroni A Richards MB 《American journal of human genetics》2012,90(5):915-924
Human populations, along with those of many other species, are thought to have contracted into a number of refuge areas at the height of the last Ice Age. European populations are believed to be, to a large extent, the descendants of the inhabitants of these refugia, and some extant mtDNA lineages can be traced to refugia in Franco-Cantabria (haplogroups H1, H3, V, and U5b1), the Italian Peninsula (U5b3), and the East European Plain (U4 and U5a). Parts of the Near East, such as the Levant, were also continuously inhabited throughout the Last Glacial Maximum, but unlike western and eastern Europe, no archaeological or genetic evidence for Late Glacial expansions into Europe from the Near East has hitherto been discovered. Here we report, on the basis of an enlarged whole-genome mitochondrial database, that a substantial, perhaps predominant, signal from mitochondrial haplogroups J and T, previously thought to have spread primarily from the Near East into Europe with the Neolithic population, may in fact reflect dispersals during the Late Glacial period, ~19-12 thousand years (ka) ago. 相似文献
93.
Soares P Rito T Trejaut J Mormina M Hill C Tinkler-Hundal E Braid M Clarke DJ Loo JH Thomson N Denham T Donohue M Macaulay V Lin M Oppenheimer S Richards MB 《American journal of human genetics》2011,(2):799-247
The "Polynesian motif" defines a lineage of human mtDNA that is restricted to Austronesian-speaking populations and is almost fixed in Polynesians. It is widely thought to support a rapid dispersal of maternal lineages from Taiwan ~4000 years ago (4 ka), but the chronological resolution of existing control-region data is poor, and an East Indonesian origin has also been proposed. By analyzing 157 complete mtDNA genomes, we show that the motif itself most likely originated >6 ka in the vicinity of the Bismarck Archipelago, and its immediate ancestor is >8 ka old and virtually restricted to Near Oceania. This indicates that Polynesian maternal lineages from Island Southeast Asia gained a foothold in Near Oceania much earlier than dispersal from either Taiwan or Indonesia 3-4 ka would predict. However, we find evidence in minor lineages for more recent two-way maternal gene flow between Island Southeast Asia and Near Oceania, likely reflecting movements along a "voyaging corridor" between them, as previously proposed on archaeological grounds. Small-scale mid-Holocene movements from Island Southeast Asia likely transmitted Austronesian languages to the long-established Southeast Asian colonies in the Bismarcks carrying the Polynesian motif, perhaps also providing the impetus for the expansion into Polynesia. 相似文献
94.
Examination of genetic data (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I) for western Atlantic clingfishes revealed two distinct lineages within a group of individuals originally identified as Acyrtus artius. Subsequent investigation of preserved voucher specimens was conducted to reconcile the genetic data and the existing classification, which is based on morphology. In addition to discovering that one of the genetic lineages is an undescribed species, which we describe as Acyrtus lanthanum, new species, we found that the nominal species Acyrtus artius has a putative venom gland associated with the subopercle that has been overlooked since the species was described nearly 60 years ago. The new species lacks the subopercular gland as does Acyrtus rubiginosus, but one is present in the related Arcos nudus. Venom glands have not been reported previously for the Gobiesocidae, and the venom gland described herein for Acyrtus and Arcos represents the first example in teleost fishes of a venom gland associated with the subopercle. 相似文献
95.
Godø OR Samuelsen A Macaulay GJ Patel R Hjøllo SS Horne J Kaartvedt S Johannessen JA 《PloS one》2012,7(1):e30161
Mesoscale eddies stimulate biological production in the ocean, but knowledge of energy transfers to higher trophic levels within eddies remains fragmented and not quantified. Increasing the knowledge base is constrained by the inability of traditional sampling methods to adequately sample biological processes at the spatio-temporal scales at which they occur. By combining satellite and acoustic observations over spatial scales of 10 s of km horizontally and 100 s of m vertically, supported by hydrographical and biological sampling we show that anticyclonic eddies shape distribution and density of marine life from the surface to bathyal depths. Fish feed along density structures of eddies, demonstrating that eddies catalyze energy transfer across trophic levels. Eddies create attractive pelagic habitats, analogous to oases in the desert, for higher trophic level aquatic organisms through enhanced 3-D motion that accumulates and redistributes biomass, contributing to overall bioproduction in the ocean. Integrating multidisciplinary observation methodologies promoted a new understanding of biophysical interaction in mesoscale eddies. Our findings emphasize the impact of eddies on the patchiness of biomass in the sea and demonstrate that they provide rich feeding habitat for higher trophic marine life. 相似文献
96.
97.
Louise Bennett Cindy Kersaitis Stuart Lance Macaulay Gerald Münch Garry Niedermayer Julie Nigro Matthew Payne Paul Sheean Pascal Vallotton Dimitrios Zabaras Michael Bird 《PloS one》2013,8(10)
Vitamin D deficiency is widespread, affecting over 30% of adult Australians, and increasing up to 80% for at-risk groups including the elderly (age>65). The role for Vitamin D in development of the central nervous system is supported by the association between Vitamin D deficiency and incidence of neurological and psychiatric disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A reported positive relationship between Vitamin D status and cognitive performance suggests that restoring Vitamin D status might provide a cognitive benefit to those with Vitamin D deficiency. Mushrooms are a rich source of ergosterol, which can be converted to Vitamin D2 by treatment with UV light, presenting a new and convenient dietary source of Vitamin D2. We hypothesised that Vitamin D2-enriched mushrooms (VDM) could prevent the cognitive and pathological abnormalities associated with dementia. Two month old wild type (B6C3) and AD transgenic (APPSwe/PS1dE9) mice were fed a diet either deficient in Vitamin D2 or a diet which was supplemented with VDM, containing 1±0.2 µg/kg (∼54 IU/kg) vitamin D2, for 7 months. Effects of the dietary intervention on memory were assessed pre- and post-feeding. Brain sections were evaluated for amyloid β (Aβ) plaque loads and inflammation biomarkers using immuno-histochemical methods. Plasma vitamin D metabolites, Aβ40, Aβ42, calcium, protein and cholesterol were measured using biochemical assays. Compared with mice on the control diet, VDM-fed wild type and AD transgenic mice displayed improved learning and memory, had significantly reduced amyloid plaque load and glial fibrillary acidic protein, and elevated interleukin-10 in the brain. The results suggest that VDM might provide a dietary source of Vitamin D2 and other bioactives for preventing memory-impairment in dementia. This study supports the need for a randomised clinical trial to determine whether or not VDM consumption can benefit cognitive performance in the wider population. 相似文献
98.
99.
Adipose triglyceride lipase regulation of skeletal muscle lipid metabolism and insulin responsiveness 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Watt MJ van Denderen BJ Castelli LA Bruce CR Hoy AJ Kraegen EW Macaulay L Kemp BE 《Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.)》2008,22(5):1200-1212
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is important for triglyceride (TG) metabolism in adipose tissue, and ATGL-null mice show increased adiposity. Given the apparent importance of ATGL in TG metabolism and the association of lipid deposition with insulin resistance, we examined the role of ATGL in regulating skeletal muscle lipid metabolism and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. ATGL expression in myotubes was reduced by small interfering RNA and increased with a retrovirus encoding GFP-HA-ATGL. ATGL was also overexpressed in rats by in vivo electrotransfer. ATGL was down-regulated in skeletal muscle of obese, insulin-resistant mice and negatively correlated with intramyocellular TG levels. ATGL small interfering RNA in myotubes reduced TG hydrolase activity and increased TG content, whereas ATGL overexpression induced the reciprocal response, indicating that ATGL is an essential TG lipase in skeletal muscle. ATGL overexpression in myotubes increased the oxidation of fatty acid liberated from TG and diglyceride and ceramide contents. These responses in cells were largely recapitulated in rats overexpressing ATGL. When ATGL protein expression and TG hydrolase activity in obese, insulin-resistant rats were restored to levels observed in lean rats, TG content was reduced; however, the insulin resistance induced by the high-fat diet persisted. In conclusion, ATGL TG hydrolysis in skeletal muscle is a critical determinant of lipid metabolism and storage. Although ATGL content and TG hydrolase activity are decreased in obese, insulin-resistant phenotypes, overexpression does not rescue the condition, indicating reduced ATGL is unlikely to be a primary cause of obesity-associated insulin resistance. 相似文献
100.
M. Macaulay L. Ramsay W. Powell R. Waugh 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2001,102(6-7):801-809
We have developed a ’genotyping set’ of 48 SSR-based genetic markers for application in genetical studies of barley. The SSRs
are a subset of a collection of approximately 600 SSRs available to the barley research community. They have been specifically
chosen according to the following criteria: (1) they are single locus; (2) their product quality is good under standard assay
conditions; (3) they are distributed across the barley genome; and (4) they exhibit reasonably high polymorphic information
content (PIC) values in the cultivated barley gene-pool. To maximise genotyping throughput, one of each SSR primer pair was
5′ end-labelled with either fam, hex or tet fluorochromes to allow automated data capture after running the samples on a DNA
sequencer. SSR product sizes were assembled from a reference set of 24 barley genotypes which allowed the construction of
’graphical genotypes’ of each of the individual lines. The graphical genotypes provide a convenient tool for interrogating
genetic similarity in the individuals surveyed. The product sizes were compared to those obtained from end-labelling one of
the primers with 33P and separating the products by denaturing PAGE followed by autoradiography. Although inconsistencies in size were common,
they could generally be easily resolved. A reference manual for use of the ’genotyping set’ has been produced and is available
as a PDF download file at http://www.scri.sari.ac.uk/ssr/pdf. These well-characterised barley SSRs, for the first time, provide
a common set of robust PCR-based tools which can be used to integrate and compare information collected from fundamental and/or
applied genetic studies on barley in different laboratories across the world.
Received: 17 May 2000 / Accepted: 5 September 2000 相似文献