Capitalizing on multi-element interactions through bal-anced nutrition——A pathway to improve nitrogen use efficiency in China,India and North America

A viable option for increasing nitrogen (N) use efficiency and mitigation of negative impacts of N on the environment is to capitalize on multi-element interactions through implementation of nutrient management programs that provide balanced nutrition. Numerous studies have demonstrated the immediate efficacy of this approach in the developing regions like China and India as well as developed countries in North America. Based on 241 site-years of experiments in these countries, the first-year N recovery efficiency (RE) for the conventional or check treatments averaged 21% while the balanced treatments averaged 54% RE, for an average increase of 33% in RE due to balanced nutrition. Effective policies to promote adoption are most likely those that enable site-specific approaches to nutrient management decisions rather than sweeping, nation-wide incentives supporting one nutrient over another. Local farmers, advisers and officials need to be empowered with tools and information to help them define necessary changes in practices to create more balanced nutrient management.     

Peripartum Cardiomyopathy Presenting With Ventricular Tachycardia: A Rare Presentation

A 25-year-old previously asymptomatic pregnant woman at 36 weeks'' gestation was noticed to have repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. A dilated left ventricle with moderately reduced systolic function was found on echocardiographic examination. This is a very rare presentation of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCMP) presenting with repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia.     

Algal diversity in flowing waters at an acidic mine drainage “barrens” in central Pennsylvania,USA

Microscopic investigations were undertaken to decipher the diversity in the lotic algal communities from acidic waters (pH 2.4–3.2) flowing overland in sheets and channels at an acid mine drainage (AMD) barrens near Kylertown, PA, USA. Microscopic observations, supplemented with taxonomic keys, aided in identification of the dominant algae, and measurement of carbon from adjacent soils was undertaken. The unicellular protist Euglena sp. was most abundant in slower flowing waters (i.e., pool near point of emergence and surficial flow sheets), while Ulothrix sp. was most abundant in faster flowing water from the central stream channel. A diverse range of unicellular microalgae such as Chlorella, Cylindrocystis, Botryococcus, and Navicula and several filamentous forms identified as Microspora, Cladophora, and Binuclearia were also recorded. The observed high algal diversity may be related to the long duration of AMD flow at this site which has led to the development of adapted algal communities. The comparatively higher carbon content in soil materials adjacent to slower flowing water sampling locations provides evidence for the important role of algae as primary producers in this extreme environment.     

Induction of ureogenesis in perfused liver of a freshwater teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis, infused with different concentrations of ammonium chloride

The induction pattern of urea cycle enzymes and the rate of urea-N excretion were studied with relation to ammonia load in the perfused liver of a freshwater ammoniotelic teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis, when infused with different concentrations of ammonium chloride for 60 min. Both urea-N excretion and uptake of ammonia by the perfused liver were found to be a saturable process. The V_max of urea-N excretion (0.45 μmol/g liver/min) was obtained at ammonium chloride addition of 1.18 μmol/g liver/min. The maximum induction of carbamyl phosphate synthetase (ammonia dependent), 200%, and of ornithine transcarbamylase, 120%, was seen by the addition of 0.58 μmol/g liver/min, and for argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase of 150% and 115%, respectively, by the addition of 2.8 μmol/g liver/min of ammonium chloride. However, arginase activity did not alter in any of the concentrations of ammonium chloride added. An increase of ammonia load of 3–5 μmol/g wet wt from the physiological level in the perfused liver was sufficient to initiate and to cause maximum induction of most of the urea cycle enzymes activitty. These results further confirm the capacity of transition from ammoniotelism to ureotelism in this unique freshwater air-breathing teleost to tolerate a very high ambient ammonia.     

The induction of allophanate lyase during the vegetative cell cycle in light-synchronized cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi.

Allophanate lyase can be induced by urea or acetamide 20-40-fold within 4 h in NH4 + -deprived cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. In light-synchronized cultures, allophanate lyase induction appeared to be limited to the light phase of the cell cycle, provided that culture samples were induced under ongoing illumination conditions (i.e. light induction of light phase cells and dark induction of dark phase cells). However, when culture samples were induced under constant light conditions this cell cycle pattern was abolished. Light was found to be required for allophanate lyase induction and this was shown to be due, in part, to the light requirement for inducer uptake. The relationship between allophanate lyase induction and gametogenesis is discussed.     

Biophysical Characterization of Essential Phosphorylation at the Flexible C-Terminal Region of C-Raf with 14-3-3ζ Protein

Phosphorylation at the C-terminal flexible region of the C-Raf protein plays an important role in regulating its biological activity. Auto-phosphorylation at serine 621 (S621) in this region maintains C-Raf stability and activity. This phosphorylation mediates the interaction between C-Raf and scaffold protein 14-3-3ζ to activate the downstream MEK kinase pathway. In this study, we have defined the interaction of C-terminal peptide sequence of C-Raf with 14-3-3ζ protein and determined the possible structural adaptation of this region. Biophysical elucidation of the interaction was carried out using phosphopeptide (residue number 615–630) in the presence of 14-3-3ζ protein. Using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), a high binding affinity with micro-molar range was found to exist between the peptide and 14-3-3ζ protein, whereas the non-phosphorylated peptide did not show any appreciable binding affinity. Further interaction details were investigated using several biophysical techniques such as circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, in addition to molecular modeling. This study provides the molecular basis for C-Raf C-terminal-derived phosphopeptide interaction with 14-3-3ζ protein as well as structural insights responsible for phosphorylated S621-mediated 14-3-3ζ binding at an atomic resolution.     

Does fish represent an intermediate stage in the evolution of ureotelic cytosolic arginase I?

Arginase catalyses the last step of the urea cycle. At least two isoenzymes of arginase are known; cytosolic ARG I and mitochondrial ARG II. ARG I is predominantly expressed in liver cytosol, as a part of urea cycle in ureotelic animals. The second isoform ARG II is primarily responsible for non-ureogenic functions, expressed in mitochondria of both hepatic and non-hepatic tissues in most vertebrates. Most micro-organisms and invertebrates are known to have only one type of arginase, whose function is unrelated to ornithine-urea cycle (OUC). However, in ureo-osmotic marine elasmobranchs arginase is localized in liver mitochondria as a part of OUC to synthesize urea for osmoregulation. An evolutionary transition occurred in arginase enzyme in terrestrial ureotelic vertebrates, with the evolution of ARG I from a pre-existing ancestral mitochondrial ARG II. This cytosolic ARG I activity is supposed to have first appeared in lung fishes, but the 40% and 60% distribution of arginase I and II activity in liver and kidney tissue of Heteropneustes fossilis indicates reconsideration of the above fact.     

Young patients with colorectal cancer have poor survival in the first twenty months after operation and predictable survival in the medium and long-term: Analysis of survival and prognostic markers

Introduction

Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare, yet potentially aggressive disease. Although literature regarding female breast cancer (FBC) is extensive, little is known about the etiopathogenesis of male breast cancer. Studies from our laboratory show that MBCs have a distinct immunophenotypic profile, suggesting that the etiopathogenesis of MBC is different from FBCs. The aim of this study was to evaluate and correlate the immunohistochemical expression of cell cycle proteins in male breast carcinoma to significant clinico-biological endpoints.

Methods

75 cases of MBC were identified using the records of the Saskatchewan Cancer Agency over 26 years (1970-1996). Cases were reviewed and analyzed for the immunohistochemical expression of PCNA, Ki67, p27, p16, p57, p21, cyclin-D1 and c-myc and correlated to clinico-biological endpoints of tumor size, node status, stage of the disease, and disease free survival (DFS).

Results

Decreased DFS was observed in the majority of tumors that overexpressed PCNA (98%, p = 0.004). The overexpression of PCNA was inversely correlated to the expression of Ki67 which was predominantly negative (78.3%). Cyclin D1 was overexpressed in 83.7% of cases. Cyclin D1 positive tumors were smaller than 2 cm (55.6%, p = 0.005), had a low incidence of lymph node metastasis (38.2%, p = 0.04) and were associated with increased DFS of >150 months (p = 0.04). Overexpression of c-myc (90%) was linked with a higher incidence of node negativity (58.3%, p = 0.006) and increased DFS (p = 0.04). p27 over expression was associated with decreased lymph node metastasis (p = 0.04). P21 and p57 positive tumors were related to decreased DFS (p = 0.04). Though p16 was overexpressed in 76.6%, this did not reach statistical significance with DFS (p = 0.06) or nodal status (p = 0.07).

Conclusion

Aberrant cell cycle protein expression supports our view that these are important pathways involved in the etiopathogenesis of MBC. Tumors with overexpression of Cyclin D1 and c-myc had better outcomes, in contrast to tumors with overexpression of p21, p57, and PCNA with significantly worse outcomes. P27 appears to be a predictive marker for lymph nodal status. Such observation strongly suggests that dysregulation of cell cycle proteins may play a unique role in the initiation and progression of disease in male breast cancer. Such findings open up new avenues for the treatment of MBC as a suitable candidate for novel CDK-based anticancer therapies in the future.