Genetic relatedness among some wild cherry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus</Emphasis> subgenus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cerasus</Emphasis>) genotypes native to Iran assayed by morphological traits and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis

Subgenus Cerasus species are useful genetic resources for cherry breeding programs. A total of 17 morphological traits together with 19 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers were used to study 39 accessions including 34 wild Cerasus subgenus genotypes belonging to Prunus avium L., P. cerasus L., P. mahaleb L., P. microcarpa Boiss., P. incana Pall., and P. brachypetala Boiss. species, along with an unknown wild Cerasus sample, two advanced cherry cultivars (‘Lambert’ and ‘Bulgar’), and two rootstocks (‘Colt’ and ‘Gisela 6’). Genotypes were separated into different groups according to their species and collection sites using cluster analysis performed by Ward’s clustering method based on morphological data. Nineteen RAPD primers from 60 screened produced 304 polymorphic reproducible bands (98.15% polymorphism). According to the similarity matrix, the lowest similarity was obtained between P. avium and P. microcarpa samples. A dendrogram was prepared by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA), and the accessions were separated according to their species and geographic origin. In both morphological and molecular results, the advanced cultivars and rootstocks were separated from wild genotypes, and the unknown genotype was grouped with P. mahaleb accessions. Grouping by morphological characteristics was compared with the results of RAPD analysis, with no significant correlations between morphological and molecular data being found. This is the first report of molecular (RAPD) genetic diversity study in wild Cerasus subgenus genotypes from Iran, and the results demonstrate the high potential of RAPD analysis for discrimination of Cerasus subgenus genotypes.     

The complete mitochondrial genome analysis of the tiger (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Panthera tigris</Emphasis>)

The complete mitochondrial genomes of five tiger samples from three subspecies (P. t. sumatrae, P. t. altica, and P. t. tigris) were successfully obtained by using 26 specifically designed Panthera-specific primer sets. The genome organization and gene arrangement of the five tiger samples were similar to each other; however polymorphic tandem repeat sequences were observed in the control region (CR). This led to a difference in the genome lengths obtained from these five samples with an average size of 16,994 bp for the five tiger mitochondrial genomes. The nucleotide base composition was on average as follows: A, 31.8%; T, 27.0%; C, 26.6%; G, 14.6% and exhibited compositional asymmetry. Most of tiger mitochondrial genome characteristics are similar to those of other common vertebrate species; however, some distinctive features were observed in the CR. First, the repetitive sequence 2 (RS 2) contained two repeat units of 80 bp and the first 15 bp of what would be the third repeat motif. The repetitive sequence 3 (RS 3) contained 47–50 repeat motifs of a shorter 8 bp (ACGTAYAC)_n. Second, length heteroplasmy polycystosine (poly-C) stretches was observed at the end of the HV I locus in all tiger samples.     

Gliosis in the Mice Hippocampus Without Neuronal Death After Systemic Administration of High Dosage of Tetanus Toxin

Tetanus toxin (TeT), an exotoxin, has been studied to cause tetanus in mammalian brains, and it can block the release of some neurotransmitters and affect seizure propagation. In the present study, we investigated neuronal damage/death and glial changes in the mouse hippocampus after systemic administration (intraperitoneal injection) of TeT 10 and 100 ng/kg. In both the 10 and 100 ng/kg TeT-treated groups, no neuronal death occurred in any subregions of the mouse hippocampus until 24 h post-treatment; however, there were changes in glia in the hippocampus depending on time course and dosage. The morphology of GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes and Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia was apparently changed in the 100 ng/kg TeT treated-group compared to the 10 ng/kg TeT treated-group. In the 100 ng/kg TeT treated-group, they were increased in size and their immunoreactivity was distinctively increased from 12 h post-treatment. We also found that their protein levels were increased in the hippocampus at 12 h post-treatment of 100 ng/kg TeT. In conclusion, these results indicate that the systemic administration of 100 ng/kg TeT induced a distinctive microglia changes in the mouse hippocampus without any neuronal death/damage.     

急性冷应激对牦牛乳腺上皮细胞 HSP70 mRNA 表达的影响

本文主要研究了急性冷应激对牦牛乳腺上皮细胞热休克蛋白７０ （Heat stress protein,ＨＳＰ７０） 表达量的影响。采用实时荧光定量ＰＣＲ 技术,以急性冷刺激１０℃ 为典型研究环境,分析了ＨＳＰ７０ ｍＲＮＡ 表达的变化规律。结果显示,乳腺上皮细胞在１０℃分别冷处理２ ｈ、４ ｈ、６ ｈ 和８ ｈ,其ＨＳＰ７０ ｍＲＮＡ 的表达量变化均不显著（Ｐ ＞０. ０５）;分别在１０℃冷处理２ ｈ、４ ｈ、６ ｈ 和８ ｈ,再复温培养４ ｈ,ＨＳＰ７０ ｍＲＮＡ 的表达量均极显著增加（Ｐ ＜０. ０１）,于６ ｈ 达到峰值;在１０℃先冷处理４ ｈ,然后分别复温２ ｈ、４ ｈ、６ ｈ 和８ ｈ,ＨＳＰ７０ ｍＲＮＡ 的表达量亦均显著增加（Ｐ ＜０. ０１）,并于４ ｈ 达到峰值。结论：急性冷应激诱导牦牛乳腺上皮细胞ＨＳＰ７０ 表达量的增加不是发生在冷处理过程中,而是发生在复温过程中,并且在一定范围内随冷处理时间的增长表达量增高。     

高温胁迫对华北地区冬小麦灌浆及产量的影响

冬小麦灌浆期高温是制约我国北方冬小麦产量的一个重要气候因素,随着全球气候变暖,日趋频繁的极端温度事件可能引起该地区冬小麦产量的大幅波动。为了明确冬小麦灌浆期异常高温对冬小麦产量的影响程度,在河北固城生态与农业气象试验站自然大田条件下,采用自由空气红外辐射增温技术,开展了冬小麦灌浆中后期短期高温处理模拟试验。结果表明,灌浆中后期短期高温胁迫致使冬小麦灌浆速率下降及灌浆持续时间缩短从而使粒重降低,在消除了影响粒重的其它因素的作用后,短期高温处理期间的午间平均冠层气温与粒重之间存在显著的负线性相关关系。高温对冬小麦产量的威胁程度由高温强度及其持续时间两个因素决定。结合了高温强度及其持续时间综合作用的高温有效度时被证明是一个能全面反映灌浆中后期高温胁迫影响的特征量。     

2006～2014年柳州市重大道路交通事故流行病学特征分析

目的调查分析柳州市重大道路交通事故发生的特点及规律,为控制和预防道路交通创伤提供科学依据。方法回顾性分析2006~2014年柳州市重大道路交通事故监测统计资料。结果 (1)2006~2014年柳州市重大道路交通事故发生例数、死亡人数、受伤人数呈总体下降趋势。以1月份发生事故最多,占事故总数的11.5%;6月份发生事故最少,为6.8%。夜间19:00~23:00时事故发生最多,凌晨3:00~6:00时发生最少。(2)重大道路交通事故多数发生在平直道路上。(3)白天发生事故最多,夜间无路灯照明的路段事故伤亡和受伤人数明显高于夜间有路灯照明的路段。(4)重大道路交通事故发生的主要原因为人为因素,占总数的96.7%。结论减少重大道路交通事故发生,必须加强交通安全宣传、教育,提高全民安全意识;交管部门严格执法,尤其要加强交通事故高发时段、路段的管理;加强道路安全设施建设,改善交通环境。     

城市群生态安全格局构建:概念辨析与理论思考

城市群是城市发展到一定阶段通过城市间物流、人流和能流高度融合而形成的区域性复合生态系统,如何保障城市群生态安全与健康发展成为当前关注的热点问题。本研究系统分析了生态安全、城市生态安全与城市群生态安全的内涵。认为狭义上城市群生态安全侧重于城市群内部生态空间优化和生态系统服务功能提升,重点关注城市群地区生态用地空间优化与"三生空间"（生态、生活及生产空间）的合理布局。广义上的城市群生态安全不仅需要考虑城市群内部生态系统结构和功能协调及其生态系统服务的供需平衡,也需要从区域尺度考虑城市群与其他区域之间的协调关系。城市群生态安全格局构建的目的则是保障城市群内部区域一体化协调发展,满足人们日常生活的基本需求,实现城市群与区域之间物流、能流和人流的有序流通。在城市群生态安全格局构建时,除了遵循生态安全一般性原则外,还需要遵循以下原则：①生态系统服务供需平衡尺度效应;②生态安全保障的阈值效应;③生态安全格局的空间联动效应。最后文章提出了城市群生态安全格局构建的基本思路和技术路径。     

阿特拉津降解菌ATR3的分离鉴定与土壤修复

阿特拉津因效率高、价格低廉,是我国玉米田施用最广泛的除草剂之一,但其结构稳定,残留时间长,因此对生态环境和人类健康造成了一定的危害。从长期受阿特拉津污染的玉米田土壤中筛选并鉴定阿特拉津降解菌,明确其在不同类型土壤中的去除能力。对分离出的阿特拉津降解菌ATR3进行生理生化分析和16S rRNA序列鉴定,确定菌株ATR3为节杆菌属（Arthrobacter sp.）。该菌株以阿特拉津为唯一氮源,培养48 h后对1 000 mg/L阿特拉津的去除率达到97%以上。敏感作物盆栽试验结果表明,阿特拉津在棕壤上去除最快,褐土次之,黑土最慢,说明阿特拉津在土壤中的去除过程与土壤本身的理化性质呈相关关系。同时,该菌株处理14 d后,能明显恢复玉米的各项生物学指标,说明该菌株对阿特拉津污染土壤具有良好的修复能力。为阿特拉津降解菌剂的推广利用提供参考。     

广西胡蜂的敌害初步调查

胡蜂Vespidae是重要的捕食性天敌和授粉昆虫,敌害是制约胡蜂种群存活与发育的主要因素之一,弄清胡蜂的敌害种类和危害,可以为下一步防治技术措施的研究提供参考.通过目测法和设监视器等方法对广西胡蜂标准蜂群培育及其野训成为经济蜂群阶段的敌害种类和危害情况进行了初步调查,结果发现,胡蜂的敌害共有33种,其中有害动物19种、有害微生物14种.在标准蜂群野训成为经济蜂群期,对胡蜂危害严重的有害动物为蚂蚁、鸟类、盗虻、蝙蝠及松鼠等,蚂蚁对蜂群的危害最严重、最普遍;在蜂王越冬及标准蜂群培育期,对胡蜂危害严重的病害种类较多,有以色列急性麻痹病毒病、白垩病、欧幼病等,其中危害最严重的是以色列急性麻痹病毒病.14种有害微生物中,有13种病害是蜜蜂群中常见的病害.